REVIEW 1: PCOG AND PLANT CHEMISTRY PT 2

Carbohydrates

Polyhydric aldehyde or ketone alcohols that contain C, H, and O

True

For carbohydrates, the ratio of the carbon and hydrogen is the same with that of the water, thus for every 1 carbon, there is also 1 water molecule (carbohydrate = hydrated carbon)

TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

For carbohydrates, H and O has the same ratio as that of water, thus named CARBO + HYDRATES

TRUE OR FALSE

Cn(H2O)n

Carbohydrates formula

Carbohydrates

Is the first product of plant synthesis [Cn(H2O)], particularly when plants perform photosynthesis

• Xylem

• Phloem

2 vascular systems or tissues present in a plant

Xylem

Vascular tissue of a plant that conduct water and minerals from the roots going to the upper part of the plant’s body

Phloem

Vascular tissue of a plant that conduct or transmit nutrients and food to the different parts of the plant

1. Energy source

• carbohydrate provides energy to plant cell in order for it to perform it’s day to day activity

2. Energy storage

• Excess carbohydrates can be stored in a form of starch used by the plant when it undergoes unfavorable climactic conditions, which can be used by the plant to survive

  • Example of stored energy: those found in the seed, stored starch from the roots, starches in tubers

3. Structure

• Carbohydrate can also provide structural strength (ex., cellulose)

The carbohydrates (food) created by a plant and being carried by the phloem can be used in 3 different forms, namely

I. Monosaccharides (one sugar unit)

Classifications of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (one sugar unit)

• Simplest carbohydrate unit

• Cannot be hydrolyzed into another simpler sugar

Free ketone and aldehyde group

Monosaccharides yields a positive result in Benedict’s and Barfoed’s tests because of what groups that would react?

Brick red ppt.

What confirms the positive result of monosaccharides in Benedict’s and Barfoed’s test?

• Blue solution: none

• Green/yellow ppt: traces of reducing sugar

• Orange-red ppt: moderate

• Brick-red ppt: large amount of reducing sugar

What would these test results confirm with regards to whether reducing sugars are present or not?

• Blue solution:

• Green/yellow ppt:

• Orange-red ppt:

• Brick-red ppt:

Reducing sugars

Monosaccharides are __ sugars

• Number of carbon atoms in its backbone

  • Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose

• Functional groups

  • Aldehyde → RCHO (called aldose)

  • Ketone → RCOR (called ketose)

= Together can be called:

• Aldotriose

• Aldotetrose

• Aldopentose

• Ketohexose (if ketone)

• Aldoheptose

Monosaccharides can be classified according to:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 2 carbon atoms

  • Name: diose

  • Example/s: hydroxyacetaldehyde

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 2 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 3 carbon atoms

  • Name: triose

  • Example/s: dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 3 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 4 carbon atoms

  • Name: tetrose

  • Example/s: erythrose

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 4 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 5 carbon atoms

  • Name: pentose

  • Example/s: arabinose, xylose, and ribose

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 5 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 6 carbon atoms

  • Name: hexoses

  • Example/s: glucose, fructose, galactose

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 6 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 7 carbon atoms

  • Name: heptose

  • Example/s: dedoheptose

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 7 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 8 carbon atoms

  • Name: octose

  • Example/s: D-glycerol-D-mannoctulose

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 8 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 9 carbon atoms

  • Name: nonose

  • Example/s: neuraminic acid

Provide the name and example of the carbohydrates with:

• 9 carbon atoms

  • Name:

  • Example/s:

5 carbon atoms (pentose)

How many carbon atoms does xylose have

Xylose (pentose)

Wood sugar

Boiling corn cobs, straw

Xylose (pentose) is obtained from

Diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption

• because xylose is absorbed but not metabolized, thus if all of xylose is present in the blood, the intestine is absorbing well. If small amount is detected in the blood, there is already malabsorption in the intestine

Xylose (pentose) medical use

• Blood

• Urine

Which bodily fluids can be used to detect the presence of xylose (D-xylose) sugar?

hexoses

Most important monosaccharide

6 carbon units (hexose)

Glucose has how many carbon units?

TRUE

Glucose is an aldohexose

TRUE OR FALSE

• Dextrose

• Blood sugar

• Grape sugar

• Physiologic sugar (because it is the one being used by the body cells and tissues to perform their physiologic function)

Glucose is aka

C1

The aldehyde group of glucose is present in what carbon number

Benedict’s test

Glucose is a reducing sugar as determined by what test?

B-D-Glucose

The most abundant and important glucose

• Parenteral - rigorously purified; as nutrient

• Pharmaceutic necessity - less rigorous purification

Glucose medical uses

Liquid glucose

Syrupy liquid; incomplete acid hydrolysis of starch; almost colorless and taste sweet

Dextrose excipient

Crystalline sweetening agent (OGTT - 75g)

Disaccharides

Classification of carbohydrates that can be broken down/hydrolyzed into monosaccharides

Polysaccharides (more than 10 sugar units)

Classification of carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into oligosaccharides (3-10 sugar units) to disaccharides (2 sugar units) and to monosaccharides (1 sugar unit)