ANSC LAB PRACTICAL

Cottonseed

A byproduct of cotton processing, rich in protein, energy and fats

Soybean (whole)

~40% CP and ~20% CF, good protein and energy source (fats), high source of RDP

Urea

important protein (N source) for proper rumen microbe development, adding urea greatly increases CP value of rations

Steamed cornflake

Increases digestibility and energy value

Barley

Energy dense, high in protein and fiber

Feather meal

Good source of RUP but does not contain all amino acids

Crimped oats

Rolling of oats can add 5% efficiency to their use, may not be enough to offset cost of processing

Wheat

Highly degradable/fermentable, high-starch source of energy but presents higher incidents of acidosis

Dicalcium phosphate

Synthetic mineral, reinforces Ca and P intake

Soybean meal

Byproduct of soybean oil milling process, excellent protein source of beef cattle, gold standard protein supplement

Wheat bran

Fibrous outer layer of wheat kernel, excellent fiber content, mid-level protein

Rye

Alfalfa pellets

High-protein (and fiber) forage, made by dehydrating alfalfa and compressing it into pellets

Brewer’s grain

Byproduct of beer-brewing industry, mostly barley, also corn, wheat or rice, rich in CP and digestible structural fiber because sugars and starches have been washed away

Corn gluten feed

Coproduct of corn milling industry, NOT corn gluten meal (which is high in CP), considered a mid- energy and protein supplement

Oats

Primarily an energy source, low production and high cost, generally lower in energy and high in fiber than other grains

Limestone

CaC, buffering agent, great source of calcium, contributes to good bone growth and overall animal health

Steamed/rolled wheat

Improves digestibility due to its hard seed coat, whole wheat digestibility of 60% vs steamed/rolled digestibility of 86%

Heat treated SBM

Provides additional RUP and fats

Distiller’s grain

mix of corn, wheat, rye, or sorghum, excellent source of RUP and energy, high in digestible fiber but high in Sulfur (can cause problems)

Fishmeal

Source of highly digestible protein, long-chain fatty acids, and essential vitamins and minerals

Grain thief

Stick that grabs a representative samples from the grain bag

Hay corer

Hay leaves are vertical, so the instrument goes horizontally to get a better representation of the hay

Penn state shaker box/Forage particle separator

Measures particle sizes and TMR, shake 5 times, rotate, repeat 7 times

NDF vs ADF

NDF- includes hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, approximates total digestible fiber

ADF- includes cellulose and lignin, approximates less digestible fiber

What characteristic do legumes have that grasses do not possess?

Contain more protein as a result of nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Factors that affect nutritive value of forages

Maturity, Preservation, Species, Leaf:stem ratio, Environment

Name one high protein concentrate and one mineral supplement

Soybean meal, Calcium (from limestone)

Anatomical structures specific to the chicken

Gizzard (ventriculus, strong muscles helps to grind food), Proventriculus (between crop and gizzard), Crop (temporary storage sac)

What is the optimal environment in the rumen?

pH ~6.8, 39 degrees C

Name two consequences of carbohydrate degradation exceeding the availability of fermentable protein (CHO > CP)

Less N/ammonia → reduces protein synthesis and increases VFA production → pH decreases, causes lactic acidosis, damage to rumen papillae

Signs of lactic acidosis

Bloating, Not chewing cud, Watery manure

In what order do you balance the components of a ration?

Energy → Protein → Minerals

How do you treat ketosis? (CHO < CP)

By rapidly restoring blood glucose levels (propylene glycol, dextrose, vitamin B12, corticosteroids)

What do we measure in the blood?

Glucose (measures energy bank and carb metabolism, in ruminants it measures liver’s gluconeogenesis capacity) and PUN (Plasma Urea Nitrogen measures protein and amino acid, how much N excess/absence is in the blood indicates how well an animal utilizes protein sources)

Feed trials

Digestibility, Growth/production, Balance

Name equation for digestion coefficient

(Nutrient consumed – nutrient in feces) / (Nutrient consumed) x 100%

Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

Blend of forages, grains, protein supplements, minerals, vitamins, and feed additives combined into a single, uniform mixture, reduces selective feeding/sorting, ensures animals eat all their necessary nutrients

Total digestible nutrients (TDN)

Digestible Fiber + Other digestible CHO’s + Digestible Fat + Digestible Protein

Forages

Grasses (monocots) and legumes (dicots), high fiber, low digestibility

Concentrates

Supplements forages, can be an energy feed (less protein but readily available carbs and fats) and a supplement (high in protein, amino acids, minerals and vitamins)

DM vs AF basis

DM basis- nutrient % will be higher because water is removed, but weight will be lower

AF basis- nutrient % will be lower because it includes water, but weight will be higher (feed + water)

Silages- 25-40% DM

Concentrates- 85-99% DM

How do nutrients change with increasing stage of maturity in legume hay?

TDN goes down, NDF goes up, DE goes down, Protein goes down, ADF goes up

RDP vs RUP

RDP- requires sufficient amounts of fermentable energy (carbs), used by microbes to function properly and digest fiber, converted into amino acids or ammonia (casein, SBM, alfalfa silage, grass/pasture)

RUP- escapes rumen fermentation, can be absorbed by the animal into amino acids (corn, corn gluten meal, fish, feather meal)

Lactic acidosis

Sudden increase in NSC (CHO>RDP), kills cellulolytic microbes, can cause laminitis, milk fat depression, ammonia in urine, decreased saliva production, watery manure

How to prevent- transition gradually between feeds, feed adequate amounts of fiber/forages, supplement with buffers

Rumen imbalances

RDP>fermentable CHO- N is lost as ammonia instead of being used

Fermentable CHO>RDP- rumen dry matter digestibility decreases, microbes cant produce enough protein + amino acids, acidosis

Soluble and insoluble nutrients

Casein- soluble protein, high ammonia, RDP because feeds microbes

Zein- insoluble protein, low/no ammonia, RUP, broken down slowly OR escapes rumen

Glucose- soluble CHO, high gas production, provides rapidly available energy, highly digestible (by animal)

Cellulose- relatively insoluble CHO, low gas production, slowly digested via microbe fermentation, maintains gut health

Apparent digestibility %

(intake − feces) / intake × 100

Metric conversions

1 lb = 454 g; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 oz = 28.4 g

Ration vs diet

Ration- mix of feedstuff given in 24hrs

Diet- mix of ingredients fed to animal

Crude protein

N content in feed (%) x 6.25 = % of CP, Nitrogen feed is equal to true protein (amino acids) + non protein N

Hay

Dried forage, used for long term storage and easy transport, but weather dependent and labor intensive

Silage

Preserved by anaerobic bacterial fermentation, moist, fits well into TMR, less weather dependent, but needs a lot of storage and can get spoiled easily

Phases- aerobic (1d), lag (1-2d), fermentation (1-3w), stable (months to years)

A dairy cow requires 15 kg of hay (DM) per day. You want to provide 20% more hay (AF) due to potential wastage during feeding. The hay is 90% DM. How many kilograms of hay (AF) should you provide?

15kg / .90 = 16.7kg, wants to give 20% more so 16.7kg x 0.20 = 3.34 (add to amount 3.34 + 16.7 + 20.04)

A group of dairy goats is fed 8,000 g of fresh pasture (AF) daily. The fresh pasture is 30% DM. How many grams of dry matter (DM) are the goats consuming?

DM=8,000g×30%=2,400g

Assume a haylage sample contains 20% CP on a dry matter (DM) basis and has 60%(40% DM) water content. What is the CP percentage when expressed on an as-fed basis?

Duodenum

First and shortest section of small intestine, chyme from stomach mixes with digestive juices

Cecum

Between small and large intestine, fermentation chamber for nonruminant herbivores

Appendix

At terminal tip of cecum, immune/lymphoid tissue

Cellulolytic bacteria

break down cellulose and hemicellulose (structural carbs), produces acetic acid

Amylolytic bacteria

breakdown starches and sugars (NSC), produces propionic acid

Protein degradation

Estimated by ammonia production

Carbohydrate fermentation rate

Estimated by measuring CH4 and CO2 production

Feed efficiency

(Average Daily Gain) / (Dry Matter Intake)

Alfalfa

Clover

Orchardgrass

Timothy