Biology I Review: Anatomy, Biological Molecules, Cell Structure, Transport, and Reproduction

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering foundational principles of anatomy, biological molecules, cell structures, transport mechanisms, cellular energetics, and genetics from the lecture summary.

Anatomy

The study of the structure and physical organization of the body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions and mechanisms of body parts and systems.

Organizational Levels of the Human Body

The hierarchy of body structure: biological molecules $\rightarrow$ cells $\rightarrow$ tissues $\rightarrow$ organs $\rightarrow$ organ systems $\rightarrow$ organism.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in health and disease.

Negative Feedback Loop

A primary homeostatic mechanism that counteracts a stimulus or change to return a system to its normal set point.

Positive Feedback Loop

A homeostatic mechanism that amplifies a stimulus or change away from the baseline condition.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position of a person standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Monomer

A small single molecular subunit that serves as the building block for assembling macromolecules.

Polymer

A large macromolecule constructed by linking multiple monomer subunits together.

Monosaccharide

The monomer unit of carbohydrates, with examples including glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate dimer composed of two monosaccharide units, with examples including maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate polymer made of many monosaccharide units, with examples including glycogen, starch, and cellulose.

Nucleotide

The structural monomer subunit of nucleic acids.

Polynucleotide

A polymer of nucleic acids formed by linked nucleotides, with examples including DNA and RNA.

Amino Acid

The structural monomer unit of proteins.

Polypeptide

A protein polymer formed by a chain of amino acid monomers linked together.

Denaturation

The alteration or unfolding of a protein's structure, preventing it from carrying out its specific biological function.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to accelerate chemical reactions.

Triglyceride

A basic lipid structure composed of a glycerol backbone bonded to three fatty acids.

Phospholipid

An amphipathic lipid consisting of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, forming membrane bilayers.

Amphipathic

Describing a molecule that possesses both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) regions.

Cholesterol

A basic lipid molecule characterized by a multi-ring structure, acting as a crucial component of cell membranes.

Cell Theory

The foundational biological principle stating that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cytoskeleton

An internal network of fibers within cells providing structural support, shape, and intracellular transport.

Cilia and Flagella

Cellular projections responsible for movement of the cell itself or fluid across the cell surface.

Endomembrane System

A cellular system including the nucleus, ER, Golgi body, and vesicles that functions in producing, modifying, and distributing or secreting proteins.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle studded with ribosomes involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle lacking ribosomes that synthesizes lipids and processes metabolic substances.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

An energy molecule that acts as a 'cellular battery' to power biological work.

Mitochondrion Structures

Structural components of a mitochondrion, including the inner membrane, outer membrane, matrix, and cristae.

Cellular Respiration

The aerobic metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen to yield ATP.

Fermentation

The anaerobic metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose without oxygen.

Passive Transport

Membrane transport mechanisms that move solutes down a concentration gradient without requiring ATP.

Active Transport

Membrane transport mechanisms that move solutes against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP.

Simple Diffusion

Unassisted passive movement of solute particles across a membrane down their concentration gradient.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive movement of solutes across a cell membrane aided by specific transport proteins down a concentration gradient.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same solute concentration relative to the inside of a cell, resulting in no net change in cell size or shape.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of a cell, causing water to leave and the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of a cell, causing water to enter and the cell to swell.

Solute Pumping

Active transport process that uses ATP energy to move ions across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient.

Exocytosis

Bulk membrane transport that exports large quantities or large molecules out of a cell using vesicles.

Endocytosis

Bulk membrane transport that imports large quantities or large molecules into a cell via phagocytosis or pinocytosis.

Phagocytosis

A specific form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs large solid particles.

Pinocytosis

A specific form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs extracellular fluid and dissolved droplets.

Chromatin

The loose, uncoiled state of DNA and proteins present in a cell during interphase.

Chromatid

One of the two identical twin copies of a replicated chromosome joined together.

Homologous Chromosomes

Matching pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits.

Autosomes

Chromosomes that do not determine the chromosomal sex of an individual.

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes involved in determining the chromosomal sex of an individual.

Interphase

The cell cycle phase comprising $G_1$, $S$ (DNA replication), and $G_2$ stages, preparing the cell for division.

Mitosis

Nuclear division producing two genetically identical diploid somatic cells, occurring in stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Cytokinesis

The physical division of the cytoplasm following nuclear division.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces four genetically diverse haploid daughter cells (gametes) and increases genetic variation.

Non-disjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during division, resulting in monosomies or trisomies.

Trisomy 21

A genetic condition caused by non-disjunction resulting in three copies of chromosome 21.

Karyotype

An organized visual display of an individual's chromosomes used to analyze ploidy, chromosomal sex, and chromosomal abnormalities.