Specific Aspects of Non-mammalian Physiology

Which animals thought to be immortal?

Ctenophores and Cnidarians

Which invertebrate animal has the longest recorded life-span?

Ocean quahog clam

What is the Hayflick-limit?

A cell has a limited opportunity to divide.

Which is not one of the 3 main reason causes the death of an animal?

Coldness

What type of proteins are involved in the cell protection?

Heat-shock proteins

What range is the Hayflick-limit?

40-60

What type of cell is exception to Hayflick-limit?

cancer cells

What is the telomer theory?

Telomer ends on the chromosomes decrease in each replication of the DNA and these vanish after some time.

Which vertebrate animal has the longest recorded life-span?

Greenland shark

Why is it difficult to define the life?

Life is a process not a substance.

What crepuscular is meaning?

Animals which are active during the sunset and sunrise periods.

What type of birds use echolocation?

Oilbirds

What is the gular vibration?

It is a cooling technique in birds.

Which enzyme is needed for the ctivation of luciferin?

Luciferase

Which animal group has 2 parietal eyes?

Lampreys

Where do the photocytes located in fryflies?

Around the trachea system.

Where does the suprachiasmatic nucleus belong?

The hypothalamus

Melatonin is secreted in the active periods of the animals

False

What are the brines?

They are salty pools under the ocean.

Why could caves be evolutionary hot-spots?

Animals cannot move between the cave-populations.

What are the vents?

Sources of hydrothermal energy in the ocean.

What type of organisms CAN NOT live in deep sea?

plants

What types of oxidazer Bacteria NOT live in caves and deep waters?

etil-acid oxidizers

What does the phenotypic plasticity mean?

A species' individuals develop differently in differents environments.

How high the salinity could be in a brine?

26%

Only fish can produce bioluminescence

False

Fish have excellent eyes

False

Cave animals cannot make melanin molecules, because they cannot form the vesicles where it is stored

False

Adult proteus does not have eyes, however in larval forms thes starts to develop

True

Where is the Artic Circle?

At North 66° 33'

What adaptation helps the bar-headed goose fly over Mount Everest?

Effective respiration and specialized hemoglobin.

Which of the following is mentioned as a low-molecular-weight cryoprotectant?

Glycerol

What is hyperphagia?

A short-term increase in food intake and metabolism.

How do not intertidel invertebrates freeze during low tide?

They gain heat from the exotermic reaction of freezing (of the water which remaind in their body cavities).

What is a characteristic adaptation of penguins to cold environments?

High feather density.

Why do male penguins huddle together?

To conserve heat.

What is one of the main problems terrestrial animals face in cold environments?

Ice formation

Which animal can survive being frozen with ice crystals forming under its skin and around its organs?

Wood frog

Which animal is adapted to living at altitudes above 5,000m?

Yak

To tolerate freezing animals have to be osmoconformer

True

Phytoplanktons develop more actively in the cold waters

True

Marine water freeze quite easily

False

What is one advantage of sexual reproduction mentioned in the presentation?

It allows faster evolution and improves survival in changing environments.

What characterizes isogamy?

There are no differences between the gametes involved.

What is anisogamy?

A reproductive system with gametes of different sizes.

What is parthenogenesis?

An egg develops into a zygote without fertilization.

Which statement about parthenogenesis is correct according to the presentation?

It can be facultative or obligatory.

In the typical mammalian XY system, which combination is correct?

Female XX; male XY

Which gene is given as an example of a gene associated with maleness on the Y chromosome?

SRY

In the typical ZW sex-determination system, which combination is correct?

Female ZW; male ZZ

What is a Barr body?

A fully silenced chromosome.

Which animals are associated with the ZO sex-determination system in the presentation?

Caddisflies and moths

What characterizes polygenic sex determination?

Sex-determining genes occur at multiple locations in the genome.

In haplo-diploid systems, how do males typically develop in Hymenoptera?

From unfertilized eggs.

How can embryonic temperature influence sex determination in some reptiles?

It can affect which sex offspring develop into.

What happens in clownfish when the dominant female dies, according to the presentation?

The largest male becomes female.

How can Wolbachia affect some insects?

It can influence the sex of the host's offspring

According to the presentation, what is the central meaning of reproduction?

To pass genes to the next generations.

Which condition is important for an animal to reach reproductive fitness?

A suitable environment, safety from predators, and enough food.

Why is the timing of reproduction often linked to light and temperature?

To ensure offspring are born during a period favorable for survival.

Why do many animals have special reproductive periods?

Reproduction is energy-demanding, so timing can be advantageous.

What is sexual dimorphism?

A difference in appearance between males and females of a species.

Why may a male offer food during courtship?

Food can provide proteins needed for egg production.

In some mantis and spider species, what may occur during or after copulation?

The male provides a food item, sometimes including part of himself.

How do male anurans attract females in the example described?

By producing the deepest croak.

How do crickets produce their characteristic courtship sound?

By moving a scraper across a file on their wings.

What is lekking in bird courtship?

Males gather in a group and display to females.

Which is an example of an honest signal in courtship mentioned in the presentation?

A male's song repertoire.

Which statement about body size and mate preference matches the presentation?

Large males are often preferred, but small size can benefit some spiders and aerial acrobatic birds.

What role can pheromones play in reproduction?

They act as chemical signals involved in communication between potential mates.

Which is an example of sneaking or deceptive reproductive behavior from the slides?

Sneaking behavior in cichlid fish.

Which statement about sex-role reversal and parental care is supported by the presentation?

In seahorses and pipefish, males can carry developing offspring in a brood pouch.

What distinguishes venom from poison in the slideshow?

Venom is actively injected, while poison is passively absorbed.

What does the term "toxungen" refer to in the slideshow?

A substance transferred by a special organ but absorbed from an external surface.

According to the slides, how many independent evolutionary origins of toxins have occurred at least?

104

Which set contains the four toxin types listed in the slideshow?

Neurotoxins, myotoxins, haemotoxins, and necro-/cytotoxins.

What is a principal effect of neurotoxins described in the slides?

They affect neuronal ion channels and can stop action potentials.

According to the slideshow, what can be the peripheral lethal effect of neurotoxins?

Breathing muscles stop working.

In mambas, what are the fang channels connected to for envenomation?

A modified salivary gland.

Which description matches viper-type fangs in the slideshow?

Totally covered tubes that are movable.

Which statement about box jellyfish venom is included in the slideshow?

It contains more than 170 toxic proteins

Which animals are associated with latrotoxin in the slides?

Widow spiders (Latrodectus spp.)

How does α-latrotoxin act, according to the slideshow?

It forms membrane pores and induces calcium ion flow, promoting neurotransmitter release.

What does the slideshow say about β-, γ-, δ-, and ε-latrotoxins?

They are insecticides.

Which channel is activated by the wasabi toxin described in the slides?

TRPA1, a transient receptor potential channel

What is tetrodotoxin described as inhibiting in the slideshow?

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC)

Which toxin category damages muscles and may cause diaphragm paralysis?

Myotoxins

Which group of birds is described as runners that do not fly?

Ratites

What top speed can an ostrich reach?

About 70-72 km/h

Which adaptations are mentioned for penguins swimming underwater?

Special bone structure for oaring and an air-sac system acting as a hydrostatic organ.

Which unusual flight ability is attributed to hummingbirds?

They can fly backward.

What do hummingbirds do at night to reduce their energy needs?

Enter nighttime torpor.

Which fish group is discussed in connection with moving around on land?

Sarcopterygii

What helps flying fish move above the water surface?

Modified rays

What is the stated function of flight in flying fish?

Escaping from predators.

How does the basilisk manage to run briefly across water?

A temporary air pocket forms between its foot and the water.

What name is given to species living at the ocean surface?

Neuston or pleuston

What is the Portuguese man o' war described as?

A colonial cnidarian (siphonophore)

What helps Gerridae water-surface insects remain on top of the water?

Extremely hydrophobic hairpiles.

How does the diving bell spider carry air underwater, according to the slideshow?

Air is held among hairs on its ventral side.