Colonization and Independence (Latin American History U2)

Describe the encomienda system

Granted land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the rights to use Native Americans as laborers and to profit off of the lands, control native people and spread Catholicism.

What are some effects of the encomienda system?

• Native Americans died of disease, starvation, and exhaustion

• Caused the destruction of native culture, language, religion, and population as well as the downfall of major civilizations

Influence of the Catholic Church in Latin America (Positives)

• In Mexico, Native American stonemasons decorated the new churches with both Christian figures and Aztec symbols

• Offerings of maize and other local products filled churches during religious festivals

  
  

• Influence of the Catholic Church in Latin America ( Negatives)

• In Mexico City, Cuzco, and elsewhere, Christian churches were built on the ruins of Indian temples

• They destroyed Native American temples, statues, and sacred objects due to the belief of them being evil

• The Church controlled many aspects of life including education, hospitals, and services to the poor

Peninsulares

Spaniards who were born in Spain. They held the most power and controlled political and economic life.

Creoles

Born in New Spain/Colonies of Spanish parents. Often wealthy landowners and merchants, but with less power than Peninsulares.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and native descent. Many worked as artisans, laborers, soldiers, or small farmers.

Mulattos

A person of combined white European and Black African ancestry’s. Often worked in skilled trades or as laborers.

What was the triangular trade system?

A three-legged transatlantic commercial system from the 16th to the 19th centuries that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What is the Transatlantic slave trade?

• Largest slave trade in world history in terms of scale and duration

• Over 12 million slaves endured the voyage and 14% perished

• Central in world economy

Identify and describe examples of African influence in Latin America

• Music/dance - Chants and Capeora

• Religion - Yauba and Candomble

• Holidays - Carnival

• Clothing - Unique Dress

• Appearances - 100 different skin but interpreted differently

Bolívar

• Oversaw the creation of the league of Hispanic American states

• Became the best military figure of South America

Hidalgo

• Issued the famous "Cry of Dolores" on September 16, 1810, which launched the Mexican War of Independence.

• Formed a provisional government in Guadalajara that officially abolished slavery and promised to return land to indigenous communities.

San Martin

• Primary leader of the independence movements in South America.

• The Liberation of Chile: He won a crucial victory at the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817 and cemented Chilean independence at the Battle of Maipú in 1818.

L’Ouverture

• Joined a slave rebellion and soon assembled a army of his own

• The revolt was successful and led to the creation of Haiti

What were the causes of Latin American Independence Movements? (Long term causes)

• Europeans dominate Latin America

• Enlightenment ideas

• Creoles, Mestizos, and Indians resent European rule

What were the causes of Latin American Independence Movements? (Immediate causes)

• Napoleon invaded Spain and threw out the Spanish king.

• American and French Revolutions.

• Toussaint L'Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti

• Revolutionary leaders come forward. Growth of nationalism.

What were the effects of the Latin America independence movements? (Long term effects)

• Efforts continue to stabilize democratic governments and economic independence

• Ongoing efforts to bring prosperity and democracy to people in Latin America even today

What were the effects of the Latin America independence movements? (Immediate Effects)

• 18 republics were setup

• By 1825 most of Latin America became independent