Heart as a Pump

a change in the heart rate by altering the electrical impulses of the sinoatrial (SA) node—the heart's natural pacemaker

Chronotropic

The strength/force of the contraction of the heart

Inotropic

The heart repeatedly contracts _____ to eject blood into the arterial system, and then relaxes and fills ______

systole, diastole

There are four heart sounds: S1 correlates with ___________

atrioventricular valve closure

There are four heart sounds: S2 is associated with _________

semilunar valve closure

There are four heart sounds: S3 is a sound of ________

Ventricular filling

There are four heart sounds: S4 is a pathologic sound associated with

Contraction of a hypertrophied atrium against a stiffened ventricle.

_______ is determined by end-diastolic pressure and volume

Preload

_________ is the force that must be overcome for a ventricle to eject blood, and this usually equates with arterial pressure.

Afterload

total peripheral resistance (TPR), is the amount of force exerted on circulating blood by the vasculature of the body.

Systemic Vascular Response

the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart's main pumping chamber (the left ventricle) with each heartbeat

Ejection Fraction

Which side of the heart is considered the low pressure side

Right side

Which side of the heart is considered the high pressure side

Left side

the increase in the size of muscle fibers and overall muscle mass

Hypertrophy

How is cardiac output calculated

heart rate x stroke volume

What is a normal cardiac output

5-6 L/min

How is blood pressure calculated

cardiac output x systemic vascular response

How is MAP calculated

2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP

Why does a larger proportion of MAP come from diastolic BP

More time is spent in diastole

List the stages/ order of the cardiac cycle

ventricular filling, atrial contraction, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

When during the cadiac cycle are the lup and dup

Isovolumetric ventricular contration; isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Explain the pathophysiology of HF

Inc NE/ADH, inc HR, inc afterload, inc rass, inc water retention inc preload, cardiac dilation/ hypertrophy, causes backup in the lungs