Zuku VTNE Nursing

Right jugular vein

What is the recommended blood collection site for most, but not all the avians?

Cranial vena cava

Toenail clipping

Medial metatarsal vein

Right jugular vein

Basilic vein

Severely decreased oxygen content in the blood

What is anoxia?

Severely decreased oxygen content in the blood

Equal volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide in RBCs

Decreased appetite

Increased intake of water

Abnormal levels of carbon monoxide in plasma

Toxoplasma gondii

Pregnant female veterinarians and vet techs need to be particularly cautious about exposure to which organism due to the demonstrated risk of birth defects?

Microsporum canis spp.

Tritrichomonas (Trichomonas) foetus

Borrelia burgdorferi

Toxoplasma gondii

Brucella abortus

Condition caused by diagnostic or therapy

A four-year-old bichon frise is presented for a recheck exam after treatment for Staphylococcal skin infection. In the medical record the doctor noted that the current problem is iatrogenic. What is an iatrogenic problem?

Condition caused by diagnostic or therapy

Disease secondary to inbreeding

Problem that resolves without any treatment

Environmental allergy

Genetic or inherited problem

Normal age-related change

A three-year-old white rat is presented with yellowing fur and a brownish, granular sebaceous secretion at the base of affected hair shafts.

What is the most likely problem?

Normal age-related change

Likely a ringworm infection

Air too dry in house/enclosure

Mange

Probable Staph dermatitis

Premature

What would be the term to describe a foal with low birth weight, silky hair coat, floppy ears, domed forehead, weakness, flexor tendon laxity, and angular limb deformities?

Perinatal asphyxia syndrome

Premature

Septic

Dysproportional

Failure of passive transfer patient

Automaticity, excitability, refractoriness, conductivity, contractility

Which of the following correctly identifies the five unique properties of cardiac muscle?

Sensitivity, reflexive, involuntary, mechanical, spontaneous

Resistant, unresponsive, irritability, controlling, arousability

Automaticity, excitability, refractoriness, conductivity, contractility

Stimulation, dilation, responsiveness, pathognomonic, myelin

Capability, affability, sensibility, propriety, correctible

Schedule veterinary visit right now

A client calls the clinic and reports her horse is pawing with his front feet, attempting to roll and looking at his belly.

What are the recommendations?

Schedule veterinary visit right now

Advise owner to call back if condition gets worse

Tell owner to feed only dry hay

Schedule appointment for the next day

Suggest owner give plenty of water and a laxative

Less than 30 minutes

How long should stage 2 labor take in horses?

Less than 30 minutes

Less than 6 hours

Less than 1 hour

2-4 hours

1-3 hours

Towards the nose

Which direction is rostral?

Towards the tail

Towards the belly

Towards the nose

Towards the right side

Towards the left side

Lack of response by the immune system to an antigen

Which one of the following choices is the correct explanation of tolerance in reference to activity of the immune system?

Number of antigen binding sites per antibody

Lack of response by the immune system to an antigen

A measure of antibodies produced at initial contact with allergen

An overwhelming response by the body to an allergen

The reaction of the immune system to foreign antigens

Eating feces

What is coprophagia?

Oral infection with coughing

The feeding of a highly processed diet to aid in digestion

Eating feces

Copper toxicity

When viral phages attack bacteria

Toxoplasma gondii

Which of these organism choices has a reproductive cycle in cats?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

Toxoplasma gondii

Haemophilus influenzae

Mycobacterium avium sbsp. paratuberculosis

A swelling under the tongue

Which one of the following choices is the correct definition of a ranula?

A swelling under the tongue

Tube used to provide oxygen via the trachea

Deformed cere on the beak of a parrot

Embryonic cell stage prior to morula

Non-occlusive tumor in the bladder

Icterus

What is the name of the problem seen in this dog's sclera?

Pallor

Petechiations

Chemosis

Hyperemia

Icterus

Towards the tail

Which direction is caudal?

Towards the tail

Towards the nose

Towards the belly

Towards the left side

Towards the top line

Flehmen

What behavior is the mare displaying in the image below?

Aggression

Flehmen

Windsucking

Cribbing

Lignophagia

BCS is an assessment of body fat mass

Which statement regarding body condition score (BCS) in cats and dogs is correct?

Cats and dogs have different BCS scales

BCS is an assessment of body fat mass

Different breeds have different normal BCS

Muscle mass is evaluated by BCS

BCS can be calculated from body weight

Rabbit

Which one of the following animals is the definitive host for the organism found in this cat?

Rabbit

Deer

Horse

Cow

Sheep

Animals that act as monitors for disease

What are sentinel animals?

Animals used to help the physically challenged

Animals with good eyesight

Animals that act as monitors for disease

Animals that range ahead of a herd or flock

Animals that alert staff to intruders

Hock

What joint is this (marked by the oval)?

Hock

Carpus

Pastern

Stifle

Fetlock

Camelids

In which large animal is jugular venipuncture routinely performed in the lower third of the neck?

Goats

Camelids

Horses

Sheep

Cows

Normal

This image is from a multiparameter monitor from a cat under anesthesia. At the bottom is a capnography reading of 46 mm Hg.

What is the best interpretation of this capnography?

Unable to determine with provided information

Normal

Too high

Consistent with anesthesia being too deep

Too low

Teat plugged by waxy deposits

What is an easily fixable reason that a lamb might not be able to nurse successfully immediately after birth?

Teat plugged by waxy deposits

Hypoglycemia

Clogged nostrils impede lamb's ability to suckle

Hypothermia

Lamb cannot reach udder

Ear mites

A 1-year-old male neutered indoor-outdoor domestic shorthair cat is presented with a several-week history of scratching at both his ears and shaking his head.

The cat is sedated and brown-black exudate with a "coffee ground" appearance is seen in bilateral ear canals.

What is the most likely cause?

Otobius megnini

Poor hygiene

Sarcoptes scabiei

Psoroptes cuniculi

Ear mites

Significant upper airway pathology or abnormality present

Many animals are obligate (horses, rabbits, pigs) or semi-obligate (cats, camelids) nasal breathers.

Why might an obligate nasal breather instead breathe through the oral cavity?

Due to fear

When trying to sense a predator approaching their young

Significant upper airway pathology or abnormality present

To assist in thermoregulation

Because they cannot vomit and mouth-breathing reduces nausea

Icterus

What clinical abnormality is evident in this photo of a dog?

Anisocytosis

Anemia

Icterus

Severe dehydration

Purpura hemorrhagica

Equine herpesvirus

Which of the following diseases can cause abortions, neurologic disease, and upper respiratory tract disease in horses?

Equine herpesvirus

Equine influenza virus

Equine infectious anemia

Equine viral arteritis

Streptococcus equi  subspecies equi

Transmissible gastroenteritis in swine

Which one of the following diseases can be epizootic?

Gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs

Transmissible gastroenteritis in swine

Clostridium tetani infection, Tetanus

Demodex canis, demodectic mange

A flank gland, which becomes wet and matted with sexual excitement

What is demonstrated in this image of an adult male Syrian hamster?

A flank gland, which becomes wet and matted with sexual excitement

An area of moist dermatitis, which is commonly caused by a Staphylococcus infection

A dominance-related bite wound, which is commonly inflicted on the sides and rear

A sweaty area, which occurs with high humidity or overheating

A patch of fur wet with saliva, which is seen with allogrooming

Feline

This is the penis of what domestic animal?

Canine

Chinchilla

Lagomorph

Feline

Ferret

Waxing

What does the following image of a horse illustrate?

Waxing

Mastitis

Normal teats

Normal sebaceous plugs

Contagious agalactia

Doxycycline

A cat is diagnosed with esophageal stricture (see contrast barium radiograph, below).

Which of the following choices is a likely cause of this condition in a cat?

Gastrointestinal reflux

Spirocerca lupi larvae

Doxycycline

Poinsettia ingestion

Hair balls

Chlamydophila psittaci

What is a common zoonotic avian disease?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Salmonellosis

Staphylococcus aureus

West Nile virus

Chlamydophila psittaci

Canids

Which animal is the definitive host associated with zoonotic transmission of Echinococcus granulosus to intermediate hosts such as humans and sheep?

Canids

Opossums

Swine

Feline

Goats

Knee

What is the common, but anatomically INcorrect, name for this area (marked by blue oval)?

Knee

Ankle

Fetlock

Ergot

Elbow

Atrial fibrillation

A cardiac arrhythmia is ausculted during the preoperative examination of a ten-year-old Quarter horse gelding used for barrel racing.

The horse performed poorly this season and a laryngoplasty is planned to correct 'roaring' that has been heard occasionally while racing.

The resting heart rate is 36 beats/minute [N=28-48] and the rhythm is irregularly irregular.

All other vital signs are normal and the horse is in good condition.

Which of the following correctly identifies this rhythm?

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia

Second-degree AV block

Atrial fibrillation

Sinus tachycardia

Ventricular premature contractions

Good place to take a pulse

What is the clinical importance of the anatomic area indicated by the red arrow in this image?

Site of glossopharyngeal nerve block

Good place to take a pulse

Best surgical approach to mandibular sinus

Most common site of tooth root abscess

Upper limit of Viborg's triangle

Ecchymoses

A dog is presented with numerous, small, 1-2 cm diameter hemorrhages on the abdomen.

What are these hemorrhagic areas called?

Wheals

Alopecia

Ecchymoses

Epiphora

Petechiae

Petechiae

A dog is presented with numerous small pinpoint hemorrhages on the mucous membranes of the mouth.

What are these hemorrhages called?

Suppuration

Epiphora

Petechiae

Ecchymoses

Hematomas

Sulfadimethoxine

A recently weaned kitten is presented with foul-smelling, pasty diarrhea. Microscopic fecal exam identifies oocysts of Cystoisospora spp..

What is the best treatment?

Amikacin

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

Enrofloxacin

Sulfadimethoxine

Fenbendazole

7

On an equine ECG, which one of these waveforms is the T wave?

2

3

5

7

1

Horses

Acer rubrum (red maple) toxicity is most commonly observed in which one of the following animals?

Pigs

Rabbits

Horses

Chickens

Goats

Winter

What time of year is dermatophytosis in cattle most likely to occur?

Spring

Autumn

Non-seasonal

Summer

Winter

Late April/early May

A Friesian breeder in the southeastern United States is planning his calving season for next year.

When should the farmer turn out the bull with the cows THIS year in order to start calving season in February but no earlier than February 1 NEXT year?

Second half of May

Early to mid-March

Late April/early May

At the summer solstice (mid-June)

Mid- to late July

Hepatic

Which of the following organ systems is most likely involved in the problem shown in this cat?

Hepatic

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

Endocrine

Renal

Rectum

A gentle gloved finger cannot pass between the anus and the rectal wall in the six-month old goat presented in the image below.

What anatomical structure is affected?

Vagina

Uterus

Cervix

Rectum

Cecum

Cuterebra

A small kitten is presented with an open wound in the right ventral neck containing a 1.2-inch (3-cm) long parasite covered in tiny black spines.

What is the organism?

Oestrus ovis

Gasterophilus

Cuterebra

Hypoderma

Cutaneous habronemiasis

Salivary mucocele

A three-year-old male neutered German shepherd-mix dog is presented with a week-long history of dropping food out of his mouth and reluctance to eat. Physical exam reveals a ranula below the tongue on the right side.

What is a ranula?

Sublingual tonsil

Any foreign body under the tongue

Salivary mucocele

Oral papilloma

Sublingual lymphadenopathy

Cotyledons

The image shown below is of the hind end of a cow following calving.

What are the raised red structures seen on this placenta?

Caruncles

Cotyledons

Avillous regions

Amniotic hemorrhages

Fungal plaques

Ctenocephalides felis

A two-year-old female spayed cat is presented to the vet in New York, U.S. with constant pruritus. Closer examination shows several fleas. What is the most likely species of the fleas?

Echidnophaga canis

Pulex simulans

Echidnophaga gallinacea

Ctenocephalides felis

Pulex irritans

Genus

What does the Escherichia in Escherichia coli represent?

Species

Class

Order

Sub-species

Genus

Fungal skin infection, usually Microsporum or Trichophyton spp.

What is equine dermatophytosis?

Skin and subcutaneous infection with Pythium insidiosum.

Bacterial skin infection with Dermatophilus congolensis

Fungal skin infection, usually Microsporum or Trichophyton spp.

Photosensitization of the skin

Infestation with lice, in horses usually Damalinia equi or Haematopinus asini

3

Which one of the following is the most appropriate place to administer an intramuscular injection in a horse?

5

4

2

3

1

Caseous lymphadenitis

A herd of dairy sheep have been found to be infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and are presenting with abscessed lymph nodes.  When the veterinarian incises them it is found that they have thick capsules and dry, green-white material at the core. 

What disease has this bacteria caused in this herd?

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Caseous lymphadenitis

Bacillus anthracis

Bovine leucosis virus

Scrapie

Poor husbandry

A mature pet guinea pig is presented with ulcerated skin lesions on the underside of both hind distal limbs.

What is the most likely cause that will be discussed with this owner?

Vitamin A deficiency

Psoroptes cuniculi  infection

Excess calcium in the feed

Poor husbandry

Pasteurella multocida  dermatitis

Estrus

A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare just moved to a barn that has a stallion. The owner has noted new behavior (see image) and is concerned.

What do these signs demonstrate?

Estrus

Mare is not cycling

Likely tail injury

Urinary tract infection

Pyometra

Laminitis

Which of the following causes of lameness in ruminants is NOT contagious?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Laminitis

Papillomatous digital dermatitis

Dichelobacter nodosus

Ascites

What condition is visible in this image?

Ecchymoses

Peripheral edema

Mammary cyst

Anemia

Ascites

Equine

Which one of the following animals has a simple composite stomach (as seen in this endoscopic image)?

Bovine

Canine

Avian

Primate

Equine

Left side of the neck

At what location can palpation and visualization confirm proper nasogastric tube placement in the horse?

Larynx

It is not possible to confirm this way

Oropharynx

Left side of the neck

Right jugular groove

Mammary fibroadenoma

This 18-month-old female rat presents for evaluation of a mass that the owner noticed recently. The owner reports that the mass is growing rapidly.

What is the most likely cause of this mass?

Sebaceous cyst

Mammary fibroadenoma

Enlarged peripheral lymph node

Squamous cell carcinoma

Subcutaneous abscess

Malocclusion

What is demonstrated in this image? Image courtesy of Kalumet.

A high hay diet

Malocclusion

Pica

Severe ascarid infestation

Foreign body

Umbilical hernia

This four-month-old foal is presented for evaluation.

Which of the following choices best describes this colt's abnormality?

Umbilical hernia

Diaphragmatic hernia

Inguinal hernia

Sheath swelling

Paraphimosis

Urticaria

The 12-year-old Quarter horse gelding shown below develops these cutaneous skin lesions every summer for the last three years.

These lesions seem to wax and wane and currently have a multifocal distribution.

What is the medical term used to describe this type of lesion?

Angioedema

Granulomas

Macules

Urticaria

Hyperemia

Epistaxis

After this Thoroughbred horse ran a race today, he was presented in the condition shown below.

What is the problem?

Epistaxis

Mydriasis

Atopy

Brachycephaly

Apnea

Coxiella burnetti

A small dairy goat farm has had an abortion storm. The veterinarian sends out some of the fetuses for necropsy. 

The pathologist finds the organism causing the abortions, which is also the organism responsible for Q fever. 

What organism was identified?

Escherichia coli

Coxiella burnetti

Pasteurella hemolytica

Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes

Miosis

On physical exam, the patient's pupils are constricted like this.

What is this called?

Meiosis

Myiasis

Mydriasis

Miosis

Rectal prolapse

What is wrong with this nine-month old buck?

Cryptorchid

Testicular torsion

Uterine prolapse

Rectal prolapse

Anal gland abscess

Years

How long is a practice required to maintain client medical records?

Months

Weeks

A practice is not legally required to preserve medical records

Decades

Years

Hairball

Which is a trichobezoar?

Solid accumulation of tartar into the gingival sulcus

Trochanteric fracture

Scar tissue nodule in the brachialis muscle

Hairball

Sheath bean

Cryptorchid

A four-month-old male Labrador puppy is presented for routine vaccinations. On initial physical exam, the puppy appears to have only one testicle in his scrotum.

Which term should be entered on the dog's record?

Ablation

Phimosis

Cryptorchid

Orchitis

Phlebitis

Orchitis

Which term describes inflammation of the testicles?

Cryptorchid

Chemosis

Phimosis

Orchitis

Phlebitis

Pulling blood from a lethargic, diabetic cat

In which of the following scenarios would the use of a winged (butterfly) catheter be appropriate?

Administering diazepam to a seizuring dog

Administering phenylbutazone to a 14-day-old foal

Pulling blood from a lethargic, diabetic cat

Pulling blood from an alpaca

Administering isotonic crystalloids as a constant rate infusion

SA node - AV node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibers - ventricles

Which of the following most correctly describes the conduction pathway of depolarization in the heart?

R ventricular myocardium - Purkinje fibers - AV node - atria

R atrial appendage - RA node - Purkinje fibers - ventricles

L atrial myocardial tissue - SA node - AV node - ventricular myocardium

Pulmonary node - AV node - SA node - Purkinje fibers

SA node - AV node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibers - ventricles

Just cranial to the trigone of the bladder

Where is the ideal location within the urinary bladder for placement of a cystocentesis needle in dogs and cats?

Just caudal to the the ureteral orifices

Mid-body of the bladder

The ventral-most aspect of the bladder

Just cranial to the trigone of the bladder

Location in bladder does not matter

Warts

Which one of the following conditions is caused by the papilloma virus?

Warts

Pyoderma

Mange

Ringworm

First antibody produced in response to a new antigen

Which one of the following phrases correctly describes immunoglobulin M (IgM)?

First antibody produced in response to a new antigen

The most common antibody in the body

Major antibody found in the interstitial space

The most important antibody found in the blood

Principal antibody of respiratory and intestinal secretions

Weak and limp in his rear legs

A 14-yr-old Dachshund that was seen last week has presented today for evaluation of flaccid paresis of his caudal limbs.

What problem is the dog having today?

Weak and stiff in his front legs

Inability to mate

Stiff and paralyzed on his right side only

Weak and limp in his rear legs

Limp and paralyzed in all four legs

18-36 months

How long do hamsters typically live?

up to 1 year

18-36 months

4-5 years

3-4 years

12-18 months

Extremities to prevent loss of range of motion

What is the primary goal when doing passive range of motion exercises (PROM) on a dog or cat, and where on the body are these exercises typically done?

Extremities to prevent loss of range of motion

Cervical injuries to increase the flow of CSF

Lumbar and thoracic spine to increase nociception signal transmission

PROM are not routinely done on animals due to legal issues

Carpals to encourage adequate traction when running

Loss of appetite for food

What is anorexia?

Pathological fracture related to calcium deficiency

Excessive energy intake

Absence of peristaltic contractions

Loss of appetite for food

Failure to consume adequate volumes of water

IgA

Which choice is the primary antibody in secretions from the mucous membranes (mouth, nose, eyes)?

IgG

IgE

IgB

IgA

IgM

Inflammation of the umbilicus

What is omphalitis?

Inflammation of the umbilicus

Intestinal irritation secondary to hardware ingestion in ruminants

Tooth root abscess

Protozoal overgrowth in the hind gut

A middle ear infection

Absence of milk production

What is agalactia?

Refusal of young to suckle

Absence of milk production

Excessive milk production

A form of milk fever

Newborns do not take in enough passive antibodies from milk

Trouble giving birth

A dog is coming in with dystocia.

What is happening?

Dog is suddenly blind

Unable to defecate

Trouble breathing

Unable to urinate

Trouble giving birth

Decreases risk of malignant mammary gland tumors

The owner of a newly adopted four-month-old female kitten wants to know the main benefits of spaying her cat, besides preventing new litters of unwanted kittens.

What is the principle benefit of spaying a cat before six months of age?

Prevents diabetes mellitus in female cats

Decreases risk of malignant mammary gland tumors

Moderates aggression in multi-cat households

Improves outcome if cat develops heart disease

Minimizes incidence of obesity in middle and older aged animals

Crystalloids are electrolytes in water, colloids are crystalloids with high molecular weight polymers added

What is the main difference between crystalloid and colloid types of intravenous fluids?

Crystalloids can only be given IV, colloids can be given IV or subcutaneously

Crystalloids prevent fluid loss out of the circulation, colloids are used for maintenance fluid therapy

Colloids are albumin and globulins, crystalloids are 5% dextrose and normal saline

The addition of proteins to a crystalloid makes it a colloid

Crystalloids are electrolytes in water, colloids are crystalloids with high molecular weight polymers added

Immediately

How long after a booster rabies vaccination is a cat (or dog or ferret) considered to be currently vaccinated and protected against rabies?

After 48 hours

After 14 days

After 7 days

Immediately

After 24 hours

Notify the area federal veterinarian

Several cows were found dead on a farm with no warning. Anthrax is highly suspected.

What is the first thing that should be done?

Perform necropsies to submit necessary tissue samples

Notify the area federal veterinarian

Administer anthrax antiserum to remaining cows

Administer anthrax vaccine to remaining cows

Treat remaining cows with penicillin

Laminitis

Which of the following choices can be defined as inflammation of the corium of the hoof in large animals?

Bog spavin

Desmitis

Tendonitis

Laminitis

Coccidia

A schizont is part of the life cycle of which one of the following organisms?

Trematodes

Dipterans

Cestodes

Coccidia

Trypanosomes

Heart rate increases with inhalation, decreases with exhalation

The cardiologist asks to have an ECG run on one of the local police dogs.

A sinus arrhythmia is noted on the ECG. What changes are typically seen with this condition?

Nystagmus rates decrease with inspiration

Heart rate increases with inhalation, decreases with exhalation

Heart rates are the same as pulse rates, except during sinus congestion

Arrhythmic heartbeat with depressed respiratory rate and pulse rate

Physical punishment

In the treatment of cats with inter-cat aggression in a multiple cat household, which one of the following choices can AGGRAVATE aggressive behavior?

Put a bell on the most aggressive of the cats

Desensitization

Startling the aggressive cat

Providing more 3-dimensional space

Physical punishment

Regurgitation is passive, vomiting is active

Which of the following is a difference between regurgitation and vomiting?

Regurgitation is passive, vomiting is active

Regurgitated contents often contain hair, mucus, or intestinal parasites

Vomiting always contains blood

Nausea and abdominal contractions are common with regurgitation

Regurgitation is louder, vomiting is quieter

RER x life stage factor

How do you calculate the metabolizable/daily energy requirement (MER) for a dog or cat?

(Note: RER = resting energy requirement)

RER x body weight in kg

RER x life stage factor

2 x RER

Body weight in kg x 40

Same as RER

Standing to be mounted by other cows

Which one of the following is the most reliable clinical sign of estrus in a cow?

Standing to be mounted by other cows

Bloody vaginal mucus discharge

Ruffled hair on tail head

Bellowing, restlessness

Riding other cows

Removal of damaged and necrotic tissues

What is the purpose of wound debridement?

Initial wound cleansing with fluids

Removal of damaged and necrotic tissues

Removal of fluids from lungs

Wrapping a wound loosely until dead tissue sloughs off

Loss of skin in an injury

Valvular disease

What is the most common cause of heart disease in dogs?

Atrial disease

Ventricular disease

Myocardial disease

Disease of the great vessels

Valvular disease

Southern Atlantic and south central states

Where is Rocky Mountain spotted fever endemic?

The Great Lakes region of the USA and Canada

Southern Atlantic and south central states

Washington, Oregon, and California

British Columbia, Canada

Rocky Mountains