HIST1 L2 Historiography and Sources of Historical Data

Historiography

-The study of the methods of histories in developing history as an academic discipline and also refers to the THEORY AND HISTORY OF HISTORICAL WRITING

3 Steps in Writing History

1. The critical EXAMINATION of sources

2. The SELECTION OF PARTICULAR Details from the authentic materials in those sources

3. The SYNTHESIS OF THESE Details into a cohesive narrative that stands the test of critical examination.

Historical Methods and Criticism

• Identify and enumerate the various TECHNIQUES AND Guidelines by whish historians use, in order to use PRIMARY SORUCES and other evidences and write histories

• Also involves the employment of INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISMS

2 Historical Criticisms

External Criticism (Authenticity) Internal Criticism (Credibility)

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

-used to examine the AUTHENTICITY OF TE SOURCE

A. PHYSICAL/SURFACE CRITICISM - focused on physical characteristics

B. PROVENANCE - why, where, and when the source was archive | ORIGIN

C. ORIGINALITY - make sure that the source is not forgery, copy, or plagiarized

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INTERNAL CRITICISM

-used to examine the CREDIBILITY (Content)

A. MEANING/KAHULUGAN - the meaning of the content, definition, and context of the how they are being used

B. CORROBORATION - confirmed/supported by/with other sources, authors, or scholars dealing with the same topic (Cross reference)

Meron Kang Color?

4 Historical Methods

POSITIVISM POSTCOLONIALISM ANNALES SCHOOL OF THOUGHT PANTAYONG PANANAW

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POSITIVISM

• most common/dominant method back 19th/20th century

Focused on the mantra "NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY" -histroians with connections, money, usually were common | History was an Elitism Subject

Historians are required to show PRIMARY Documents in order TO WRITE HISTORICAL NARRATIVE

Key figure: Leopold von Ranke - "wie es eigentlich gewesen" ("how it essentially was").

POSTCOLONIALISM

• very fitting for the Philippines

Emerged in 20th century when FORMERLY COLONIZED NATIONS had issued with writing history because of THEIR IDENTITIES and UNDERSTANDING THEIR SOCIETIES against their colonial past (sudden independence)

Key figure: Edward Said - Author of Orientalism (1978) a critique of how Western dominant powers invented and distorted the history, culture, and identity of the East to justify imperial rule

ANNALES SCHOOL THOUGHT

-A French historical movement originating in the late 1920s

Stating that "HISTORY SHOULD NOT ONLY BE CONCERNED OF STATES AND MONARCHES"

Write from the COMMON PEOPLE, lower classes, because they have the struggle of the abuses, injustices, and problems.

Founders: Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre

PANTAYONG PANANAW

• FOR US - FROM US PERSPECTIVE "We Perspective -Written by Filipinos, in Filipino, for Filipinos

Highlights the Importance of facilitating on INTERNAL Conversation and DISCOURSE AMONG FILIPINOS about OUR OWN HISTORY

Key figure: DR. ZEUS A. Salazar (from UP)

The 4 Bibles of Philippine History

History of the Filipino People - Teodoro A. Agoncillo

Pasyon and Revolution - Reynaldo Clemena Ileto

History of the Filipino People - Gregorio F. Zaide

The Philippines: A Past Revisited - Renato Constantino

3 Sources of Historical Data

TERTIARY SECONDARY PRIMARY

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Tertiary Sources

-condensed, compiled, and compound information to ONE SINGULAR BOOK or DOCUMENT -already synthesized from primary or secondary sources -REDUCED TO ONLY NECESSARY INFORMATION

ex. Textbooks, encyclopedias, almanacs, bibliographies, guidebooks, and indexes.

Secondary Sources

-offer INTERPRETATION, COMMENTARY, or OPNION on primary sources -contain second-hand accounts or analysis DEPEND ON DISCIPLINE OR TOPIC OF RESEARCH

Ex. Biographies, commentaries, critical works, documentaries, hsitories, reviews, editorial newspaper articles, peer-reviewed journals,

Primary Sources

-ORIGINAL MATERIALS created DURING A SPECIFIC HISTORICAL TIME PERIOD OR EVENT.

First-hand, direct, or raw evidence produced by witnesses or participants at the actual time an event occurred.

-DELIVER PURE information or representation, no commentary, interpretation or opinion

Ex. Newspapers, Artifacts, Charters, Letters, Codes of Law, Speeches, Scientific Findings, Media (Photos, audio recordings, etc.), Government-Issued documents, art & architecture, fiction, musical scores, census records, personal journals, polls, maps

Historical Revisionism

The legitimate, scientific process of UPDATING HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION when new, verified evidence or better analytical tools are discovered. (It improves historical accuracy.)

Historical Distortion

The deliberate MANIPULATION AND LYING ABOUT HISTORICAL FACTS to deceive people, whitewash bad actions, or serve a political agenda. (It destroys historical accuracy.)

ex. taking quotes out of context, starts with real events but twists or changes them

ex. Claiming Martial Law had zero human rights abuses or economic crises by omitting official records.

Pseudohistory

The UNSCIENTIFIC CREATION OF MYHTS OR SENSATIONAL THEORIES (like ancient lost civilizations or alien intervention) that pretend to be history but completely ignore scholarly standards. (It lacks historical proof.)

ex. conspiracy theories, relying on debunked manuscripts, starts with myths, fabricated theories that have no empirical backing