BSCI exam 1

Theory

a hypothesis that has survived many tests

Law

A theory that has been tested extensively and no data has been found in disagreement

Plant

multicellular organisms that have chlorophyll

Shoot

usually grows above ground, includes stem, leaves, nodes, internodes, and buds

Root

below ground, absorbs nutrients, anchors plant to soil

Flowers

Specialized shoot where reproduction occurs, fruits and seeds develop here

Leaves

site of photosynthesis, has blade and petiole

node

place on stem where leaves are attached

Celery

over grown petiole

Root vegetables

carrot, yams

Shoot and root apical meristems

region of embryonic tissue capable of developing new parts of the plant

Calorie

amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one-degree Celsius

macronutrients

required in large amounts, carbohydrates, fats, proteins

carbohydrates

4 cal/gram, composed of C, H, O, has monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

building blocks of all carbohydrates

Disaccharides

composed of 2 monosaccharides joined together

Sucrose

table sugar, most common

Glucose

transported in blood

polysaccharide

contain hundreds or thousands of individual sugar units

glycogen

storage form of glucose in body

Soluble fiber

reduces cholesterol levels

Insoluble fiber

absorbs water, prevents certain cancers

Proteins

4 cal/gram, large complex molecules that perform many functions in body

Complete proteins

have all 20 amino acids

Protein functions

Structure, enzymes, hormones, transport, storage, contractile

Fats

aka lipids, 9 cal/gram, have glycerol head with fatty acid tail, source of energy

Functions of fats

energy, insulation, hormones

Trigycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids. 95% of lipids in body are these

Essential fatty acids

fatty acids not made in human body, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic

Saturated fats

joined by single bond, solid at room temperature, lead to obesity

Unsaturated fats

joined by double bond, liquid at room temperature, lowers cholesterol

Transfats

occurs when oils are hydrogenated and change shape (fried food), very bad for you

Cholesterol

subcategory of lipids, aka steroids

Low density lipoprotein (LPL)

bad cholesterol, causes blockage in arteries

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

good cholesterol, helps reduce LDL

Atherosclerosis

hardening of arteries due to cholesterol

Micronutriens

vitamins and minerals, required in small amounts

Vitamins

some called coenzymes, others involved in synthesizing compounds

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamin A, D, E, K

Water soluble vitamins

Vitamin B complex, vitamin C

Vitamin A

essential for formation of vision pigments, healthy skin, and bone development

Vitamin B complex

8 different kinds, most are coenzymes

Vitamin C

important role in synthesis of collagen, lack of it causes scurvy

Vitamin D

regulates calcium and phosphorous levels in bone development, comes from sun, lack of it causes rickets (bone deficiency)

Minerals

inorganic compounds that exist in the body, 17 different types required for body

iron

component of hemoglobin, not enough causes anemia, too much is toxic

Iodine

mineral required for formation of thyroid hormones that regulate cell metabolism

Grass

make up 25% of world’s vegetation, monocots and part of Poaceae family, includes grains

Cereal

edible grains

Tillers

secondary stems growing from base of main stem, important for grain production

Stolons/Runners

horizontal stems that spread grass

Inflorescence

structure containing flowers

3 parts of grain

endosperm, embryo, bran

endosperm

large cells filled with starch grains, supplies food to germinating seedlings

embryo

young plant known as germ, rich in protein

bran

consists of outer layers of old fruit wall, seed coat, and aleurone layer

Aleurone layer

secretes enzymes that digest stored starch in endosperm

Tassel

Group of male flowers at end of stem of corn

Silks

individual stigmas of female flowers, becomes a seed

Popcorn

oldest corn, hard seed coat, healthy

Flour corn

soft endosperm, easy to grind

Dent corn

soft starch center, hard outside, used for animal feed, corn meal, corn syrup, ethanol production

Sweet corn

endosperm contains sugar instead of starch

Use of corn

most for animal feed, very little for food

High fructose corn syrup

sweetener derived from wet milling of corn, corn starch is converted to dextrose and further processed

Wheat

most widely cultivated grain, originated in near East

Early agricultural sites

near east, fertile crescent in mesopotamia

Durum wheat

used to make pasta

bread wheat

high in gluten

Whole wheat vs white bread

white bread has no germ and bran, whole wheat healthier

rice

most eaten cereal, exclusively human food

White vs brown rice

brown is whole grain, white mostly carbs

Golden rice

genetically synthesized rice to enhance nutrients, synthesizes vitamin A

Barely

used for brewing beer and animal feed

Celiac disease

immune reaction to consuming gluten, causes inflammation in small intestine

Forage grasses

any vegetation eaten by domesticated herbivores, used for cow grazing

starch

most widespread form of energy in plant kingdom, broken down by amylase in saliva

Rhizone

thick horizontaltu underground stems that spread plant

tuber

enlarged storage tips at end of rhizome

bulb

short vertical underground stems surrounded by think leaf like scales

storage tap root

thickened main root, carrot

tuberous root

thickened portion of lateral root, sweet potato

Potato

most important starch crop, originated in Andes

Irish potato famine

blight fungus like organism destroyed crop from 1845-1849, more than 1 million died, 1.5-2 million migrated

Variation

members of population have individual differences that are inherited

overproduction

natural populations reproduce geometrically

competetion

individuals compete for limited resources

survival to reproduce

only those that are better suited for environment survive

sweet potato

tuberous root of a vine

cassava

tuberous root from brazil, mexico

Yam

tuber root

Taro

corm stem mainly for food

Plantain

hybrid of banana and other species

3 types of fruit

simple, aggregate, multiple

Berry

fleshy fruit, entire wall is soft

Hesperidium

berry with tough leathery rind, oranges

Drupe

outer wall is soft, inside is hard, cherry/ peach

Pepo

fleshy fruit, tough outer rind

Pomes

apples and pears

Johnny appleseed

planted apple seeds all over eastern US, created variations of apples