Exam #3 - Organic Chemistry

alkanes

hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C); also known as saturated hydrocarbons

general formula for alkanes where n is the number of carbon atoms and 2n+2 is the number of hydrogen atoms

C_nH_2n+2

isomers

different compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula and properties; only occurs in alkanes with 4 or more carbon atoms

alkyl group + parent chain stem + -ane

IUPAC naming formula for alkanes

alkyl group

a substituent formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an alkane; replaces “-ane” ending with “-yl” ending; (eg. methane in to methyl)

halogenation

process of halogens replacing hydrogens on alkanes in presence of UV light or heat

position of substituent + halogen prefix + parent alkane

formula for naming halogenated hydrocarbons (alkanes)

cyclic hydrocarbons

a hydrocarbon chain that contains 3+ carbon atoms and whose ends joint to form a ring

alkenes

hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds between carbons (C=C)

General formula of alkenes

C_nH_2n

alkynes

hydrocarbons that have one or more triple bonds between carbons (C=C)

general formula of alkynes

C_nH_2n-2

double bond location + position of substituent + alkane parent name + -ene ending

formula for naming alkynes

tripple bond location + position of substituent + alkane parent name + -yne ending

formula for naming alkynes

cyclo + alkane parent name + -ane, -ene, or -yne ending

formula for naming cyclic hydrocarbons

cis isomers

isomers in which substituent groups are on the same side of the double bond

trans isomers

isomers in which substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond

hydrogenation

chemical process of adding hydrogen (H₂) across a double or triple bond in the presence of a metal catalyst; converts unsaturated alkenes into saturated alkanes

hydration

the chemical process of adding water (H₂O) across a double or triple bond to form an alcohol; requires a strong acid catalyst such as H₂SO₄

(—CH2—CH2—)_n

abbreviated notation for polymers

cyclic hexagonal structure with alternating double bonds

structure of benzene

aromatic compounds

any compound that contains a benzene ring or has benzene-like properties

toluene

a benzene ring with a methyl substituent

phenol

a benzene ring with an OH substituent

aniline

a benzene ring with a NH₂ substituent

ortho-

prefix that refers to a 1,2 substituent distribution on a benzene ring

meta-

prefix that refers to a 1,3 substituent distribution on a benzene ring

para-

prefix that refers to a 1,4 substituent distribution on a benzene ring

aryl groups

aromatic grous / benzene rings that act as substituents an a larger compound

phenyl group

the most common aryl group made by removing one hydrogen atom from benzene

functional group

a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds within a molecule that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to that molecule;

eg. C=C or -OH

aldehyde

a functional group that contains a carbonyl (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen

aldehyde structure

R-CHO

ketone

functional group that contains a carbonyl (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms

ketone structure

R-CO-R

carboxylic acid

a functional group that contains a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH) on the same carbon

carboxylic acid structure

R-COOH

-al

suffix for aldehydes

-one

suffix for ketones

-oic acid

suffix for carboxylic acids

alcohol

an organic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom

alcohol structure

R-OH

location of substituent + substituent name + location of alcohol+ alkane name + -ol

naming formula for alcohols

primary alcohols

alcohols in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom

secondary alcohols

alcohols in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms

tertiary alcohols

alcohols in which the carbon atom with the OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms

dehydration

chemical process in which the OH group and one hydrogen is removed from an alcohol to make an alkene and water

ether structure

R-O-R

ether

a derivative of water where both hydrogens are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups; also a derivative of alcohol (R-OH) where the H of the OH group is replaced with another R group

name of group attached to oxygen atom + ether (alphabetically)

formula for naming ethers

oxidation of primary alcohols

chemical process in which oxygen is added to a primary alcohol to form an aldehyde; can add more oxygen to make carboxylic acids

oxidation of secondary alcohols

chemical process of adding an oxidizing agent (like K₂Cr₂O₇) to a secondary alcohol to create a ketone; cannot be further oxidized

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

chemical process in which no reaction occurs from adding oxygen to a tertiary alcohol

phenol structure

Ar-OH

amines

a compound derived from ammonia (NH₃) where one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl group

primary amines

amines in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by one alkyl or aryl group

secondary amine

amines in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by two alkyl or aryl groups

tertiary amine

amines in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by three alkyl or aryl groups

amide

a functional group made of a carbonyl group (C=O) directly joined to a nitrogen atom from ammonia or an amine

amide structure

benzoic acid structure

Ar-COOH

ionization of carboxylic acids in water

chemical process in which a carboxylic acid ionized slightly in water by donating an H+ ion to water to create a carboxylate anion (RCOO^-) and a hydronium ion (H₃O⁺)

carboxylic acid reaction with strong base

chemical process in which a strong base (like NaOH) is added to carboxylic acid to form a carboxylate salt (RCOO^-Na⁺) and water (H₂O)

cation name + anion name + oate

formula for naming carboxylic acid salts

substituent name + alkane parent name + oate

formula for naming esters

esterification

chemical process of adding an alcohol to a carboxylic acid to create an ester and water; is reversible

saponification

chemical process of adding a base (like NaOH) to an ester to produce a carboxylate salt and an alcohol

phosphate esters

a phosphoric acid molecule bound to one, two, or three alcohol molecules

alkyl groups attached to N in alphabetical order + -amine suffix

formula for naming amines

reaction of amines with water

chemical process of adding H₂O to an amine to form ammonium and hydroxide ions

reaction of amines with strong acids

chemical process of adding strong acid (like HCl) to an amine (NH₃) to form salts (NH₄⁺Cl^-)

carboxylic acid name - “-oic acid” + amide suffix

naming formula for amides

formation of amides

chemical process of adding ammonia (NH₃) to a carboxylic acid (R-COOH) to make amides (R-CONH₂) and water (H₂O)