HTS 2080 Midterm 1

What disease did the 1999 Maryland conference determine was the Athenian Plague?

Typhus

Who was the first female physician?

Peseshet

Roman aqueducts are a good example of how _____ can impact medicine and disease.

architecture

Galen’s work was largely forgotten about after he died, and only rediscovered in 20th century (T/F)

False

Thucydides’s Text

The History of the Peoloponnessian War

Avicenna’s Text

The Canon of Medicine

Nihon Shoki’s Text

Prince Toneri

Al-Razi’s Text

For One Who Has No Physician to Attend Him

Which ancient society likely had the most extensive body of medical knowledge?

The Middle Kingdom in Egypt

The Egyptian Middle Kingdom has only one god of healing, and medicine was practiced in only one place. (T/F)

False

Hippocrates is credited with contributing these ideas to the study and practice of medicine:

• Rational Causes of Disease

• Humoral Theory

• Clinical Observation

Check all the books in the Ayurvedic Bhat Trayi:

• Sushruta Samhita

• Charaka Samhita

• Ashtanga Hrdaya

Which ancient book listed the four parts of medical practice as physicians, nurses, patients, and medicine?

Charaka Samhita

The House of Wisdom was

A center in Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate

Although Galen did support humoral theory, he also advanced understanding of the structure and function of organs and nerves in the body. (T/F)

True

A researcher is looking to investigate the Athenian plague using the bones of anxient Greeks found at a dig site in the Piraeus. What key methods will they be using?

• Archaeological/Material Culture Analysis

• Paleopathology

Where were the first hospitals?

Baghdad, under the Abbasid Caliphate

Who wrote Doubts About Galen, questioning humoral theory and the supremacy of writing in Greek?

Al Razi

The Canon of Medicine demonstrates the

Aristotlian worldview

The bubonic plague pandemic in Europe in 1346

Began as a result of biological warfare tactics in Caffa

The bubonic plague’s spread throughout Europe and Asia was accelerated and facilitated by the _______ in the North, and the in _______ the South.

Hanseatic League, Silk Road

Which book did Paracelsus burn to protest the existing university system in 1527?

Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine

The Fabrica correctly identified

The structure of almost all aspects human anatomy, and many of the major functions of the hearts and bones

Per Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, the Scientific Revolution, principally through the breakthrough work of Pare, Vesalius, and Harvey, created a _________ in the knowledge production of medicine and disease.

paradigm shift

Check all medical professional who practiced on the human human body in the Middle Ages:

• Guild-certified Apothecaries

• Local healers and midwives in serfdoms

• Guild-certified Barber-Surgeons

Who wrote The Confessions?

St. Augustine

Who wrote Malleus Maleficarum?

Heinrich Kramer

Who wrote Decameron?

Boccacio

Who wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books?

Andreas Vesalius

The Bubonic Plague’s longterm impacts were

• Increased virulence in social prejudices against Jewish, Romani, and disabled people

• Upward mobility for some people to replenish the labor shortages in the merchant classes

• Increasing the political power of monarchs

• Improved working conditions for peasants and serfs

• Permanent weakening of the Catholic Church’s political and moral authority

Check everything that is true of “miasma” theory:

• Reflects the Aristotlian worldview

• Originated with Hippocrates

• Posits that disease spreads through “bad air”

• Was supported by the University of Paris in 1348

A hallmark of the establishment of the universities was dividing _____ from _____; all medical research in medieval European universities was completely textual, and studying the physical body was banned by the Lateran Council of 1215.

theory, practice

In response to the witch trials and the changes in the professions of medicine after the plague, midwifery in the 15/1600s became

subject to licensing boards made up of university physicians and members of the barber-surgeons and apothecary guilds

After the plague, which university became the “seat of the Scientific Revolution”?

the University of Padua

In the medieval era, people believed in living ______, and that physical suffering would guarantee eternal happiness in the afterlife.

ascetically

James Lind’s text?

A Treatise on Scurvy

Wan Quan’s text?

Essential Knowledge of the Pox

Mary Wortley Montagu’s text?

Letter on Variolation

Variolation

• Inocluated people using the smallpox variola virus

• Had a mortality rate 1-2%

Vaccination

• Originated in Europe

• Inoculated people with the cowpox

Variations in natural immunities to disease became a key factor in the invention of _____ as a scientific and biological fact.

Race

Edward Jenner theorized the process of vaccination after observing

Milkmaids’ immunity to smallpox

Europeans in the 1700s had what kind of immunity to smallpox?

Herd

Check all that is true of smallpox

• Transmitted through respiratory droplets in the air or contact with scabs containing the virus

• Estimated to have had a 95% mortality rate among the indigenous people of the Americas

Columbus’ voyages began the exchange of plants, people, pathogens, and products between the hemispheres and occurred throughout the 1490s. He was a respected and revered leader throughout his lifetime, especially as Governor of the Indies, facilitating this movement. (T/F)

False

The combination of ______ and ______ in the Americas created mass labor shortages and increased reliance on the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.

smallpox, malaria

The phrase “one night with venus, a lifetime of mercury” references which disease and its treatment?

syphilis

The University of Padua’s advances in the Scientific Revolution were largely financed by

The Venetian slave trade

Check all products associated with the Columbian Exchange

• Corn

• Tobacco

• Horses

• Potatoes

What disease was quinine primarily used to treat?

Malaria

The publication of A Treatise of the Scurvy immediately changed the Royal Navy’s provisions, resulting in lowered rates of scurby by the 1770s. (T/F)

False

Knowledge of variolation before 1720 was common throughout

Asia & the Middle East

The first clinical trial was differentiated by its use of

a control with mutiple groups and treaments recorded

Mayans practiced advanced forms of _____ which served medicinal, cultural, and religious purposes.

dentistry