4.2 INORGANIC MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (GROUP 2)

GROUP IIA - ALKALINE EARTH METAL

• Show definite metallic properties

• Strong reducing agent

• Combines directly with oxygen, halogen, nitrogen, sulfur & hydrogen (excluding Magnesium)

• Valence: 2 (oxidation state: +2)

GROUP IIA - ALKALINE EARTH METAL

• element

• Beryllium

• Magnesium

• Calcium

• Strontium

• Barium

• Radium

Beryllium (Be)

• physical properties

• Most toxic metal 

  • Never Employed in medicine

Beryllium (Be)

• use

Fluorescent lamp

Magnesium (Mg)

• physical properties

• Lightest of all structurally important metal 

• 2nd most abundant intracellular action

Magnesium (Mg)

• use

• Chlorophyll component (photosynthesis), flares/ fireworks 

• Component of Grignard’s reagent (RMgX; alcohol synthesis)

Magnesium (Mg)

• pharmacologic use

• Laxative / cathartic 

• Depressant 

• Natural CCB 

• Flares

Magnesium (Mg)

• antidote

Ca gluconate

Magnesium (Mg)

• natural sources

• silicate

• carbonate

• sulfate

Silicate

• Talc 

• Asbestos

• Carcinogenic; can induce mesothelioma / lung cancer

Carbonate

• Magnesite 

• Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂)

Sulfate

Keiserite (MgSO₄·H₂O)

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO₃)

• aka

Magnesia, Dolmite

Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO₃)

• Antacid 

• Laxative 

Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂]

• aka

Milk of Magnesia, Magnesia Magma

Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH)₂]

• Antacid 

• Laxative

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

• aka

calcined magnesia

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

• Antacid 

• Laxative

• Component of universal antidote

Magnesium Trisilicate

(2MgO·3SiO₂·H₂O)

• Antacid 

• Advantage: prolonged antacid action

Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO₄)

• aka

epsom salt

Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO₄)

• Cathartic (PO) 

• Anticonvulsant (IM) 

• Antidote Ba toxicity 

Toxicity results in depression of DTR (Deep Tendon Reflex) and Respiratory

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

• aka

Talc, Soapstone, French chalk

Hydrated Magnesium Silicate

• Softest mineral 

• Filtering 

• Clarifying & dusting agent

Magnesium Citrate Mg₃(C₆H₅O₇)

• aka

lemonada purganti

Magnesium Citrate Mg₃(C₆H₅O₇)

• Laxative 

• Saline cathartic

Combination Mg(OH)₂ and Al(OH)₃

• Magaldrate 

• Antacid

Calcium (Ca)

• physical properties

• 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid 

• Vitamin D is needed for its maximum absorption 

• Found in bones and teeth (98–99%)

Calcium (Ca)

• pharmacologic use

• Blood coagulating factor

  • Prothrombin, thrombin)

  • Release of NT (Norepinephrine)

• Important for muscle contraction

• Release of neurotransmitters

• Primary element of bones and teeth

Calcium (Ca)

• deficiency

• Osteoporosis

• Osteomalacia

• Ricketts

• Hypocalcemia

Calcium (Ca)

• source

• Apatite

• Fluorite

• Phosphate rock

• Dolomite

• Gypsum

• Plaster of Paris

Calcium (Ca)

• reactions

• calcination

• slaking

• carbonation

Apatite

CaF₂ · Ca₃(PO₄)₂

Fluorite

CaF₂

Phosphate rock

Ca₃(PO₄)₂

Dolomite

MgCO₃ . CaCO₃

Gypsum

CaSO₄ ⋅ 2H₂O

Plaster of Paris

CaSO₄ ⋅ ½ H₂O

Calcination

CaCO3 + heat → CaO (quick lime) + O2

Slaking

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 (slaked lime)

Lime water

saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water

Carbonation

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

Calcium Bromide (CaBr₂)

• Sedative 

• Depressant

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)

• aka

Precipitated Chalk, Prepared Chalk

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)

• Antacid 

• Ingredient in toothpaste 

• Dentrifice

Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

• aka

Muriate of Lime

Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

• Calcium replenisher 

Disadvantage: very irritating IV, gluconate & lactate are used instead

Calcium Gluconate (C₁₂H₂₂CaO₁₄)

Calcium supplement & replenisher

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)

• aka

Slake lime, Calcium hydrate

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)

• Antacid 

• Saponifying agent 

• Added to infant formula to prevent curdling of milk in the presence of gastric contents promoting digestibility of milk

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)

• With NaOH or KOH or both Soda lime used for:

• CO₂ absorbant

• metabolism test

• oxygen therapy & anesthesia

Calcium Oxalate Ca(C₃H₅O₃)₂

Calcium supplement

Calcium Oxide (CaO)

• Lime

• Quicklime

Calcium Phosphate (CaHPO₄ . 2H₂O)

Source of calcium & phosphate

Tricalcium Phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂)

• bone ash

• antacid

Calcium Chlorate (CaClO₃)

• aka

Chlorinated lime, Chloride or Lime

Calcium Chlorate (CaClO₃)

• Disinfectant 

• Bleaching agent

Dihydrated Calcium Sulfate (CaSO₄ . 2H₂O)

• aka

Plaster of Paris, Gypsum Terra Alba

Dihydrated Calcium Sulfate (CaSO₄ . 2H₂O)

• Rodenticide 

• Preparation of surgical cast & dental impression

Hemihydrated Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄ . ½ H₂O)

• Plaster of paris 

• Supportive cast & dental impressions

Strontium (Sr)

• physical properties

• “Brass  yellow” metal 

• (+) flare manufacture

Radioactive Sr

• Bone scanner 

• Use in the manufacture of flares

Strontium Chloride (SrCl₂)

Temperature desensitizing agent

Barium (Ba)

• aka

heavy

Barium (Ba)

• toxicity

baritosis

Barium (Ba)

• antidote

epsom salt

Barium Sulfate (BaSO₄)

Radiopaque substance used for GIT imaging

Barium Hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂)

Carbon dioxide absorbent

Radium

• physical properties

• Discovered by Marie Curie 

  • 1st discovery: Po

Radium

• use

Radioactive element used for cancer radiotherapy and diagnostic purpose

GROUP IIB - VOLATILE METAL

• Exist in divalent ion except Mercury

• React with halogen, oxygen, nitric acid and other common oxidizing agent

• Readily forms complex ion

• Metals have relatively low melting point

• Exhibits auto complexation/ form complex ion

• Valence: 2

GROUP IIB - VOLATILE METAL

• elements

• Zinc 

• Cadmium 

• Mercury

Zinc (Zn)

• present in

insulin

Zinc (Zn)

• pharmacologic uses

• Astringent 

• Antiseptic 

• Antiperspirant 

• Protectant 

• immuno-stimulant (CONZACE - Zn, Vits A, C, & E) also Germanium

• Use is similar to Al & Zirconium

Zinc (Zn)

• deficiency

Parakeratosis

Zinc (Zn)

• antidote

Sodium bicarbonate

Zinc Chloride (ZnCl₂)

• aka

Burnett’s Disinfectant Fluid

Zinc Chloride (ZnCl₂)

• Disinfectant / antiseptic 

• Dentin desensitizer 

• Corrosive

Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

• aka

Zinc White, Lassar’s Paste

Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

• Antiseptic 

• Astringent 

• Topical protectant

Zinc Dioxide (ZnO₂)

antiseptic

Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)

• aka

White lotion, White sulfide

Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)

• Parasiticide 

• Topical protectant 

• Antiseptic

Heptahydrated Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O)

• aka

White vitriol

Heptahydrated Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O)

• Emetic 

• Astringent 

• Used in the preparation of white lotion

Hydrated Zinc Silicate

Natural calamine and topical protectant

Zinc Eugenol Cement

• dental protective

Cadmium (Cd)

• physical properties

High affinity for metallothioproteins (stress proteins)

Cadmium (Cd)

• use

Used in the manufacture of stink bomb

Cadmium (Cd)

• poisoning

Itai-itai / painful bone disease

Cadmium (Cd)

• antidote

BAL

Cadmium Chloride (CdCl₂)

• Emetic 

• Treatment of Tinea infection

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)

• aka

yellow sulfide

Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)

anti-seborrheic

Cadmium Sulfate (CdSO₄)

Ophthalmic antiseptic 

Mercury

• aka

“Hydragyrum”, “Quicksilver”, "Messenger of God”, “Asoge” (Tagalog)

Mercury

• physical properties

• Affects the brain 

• Only liquid metal

Mercury

• 2 forms

• Mercurous (Hg₂²⁺)

• Mercuric (Hg²⁺)

Mercurous (Hg₂²⁺)

• Less toxic (more difficult to absorb)

Mercuric (Hg²⁺)

Easily absorbed; Organic