Cognitive Psych Ch 6: Long term Memory: Structure

True or false: humans use implicit long term memory exclusively for operant conditioning principles 

False

Which type of operant conditioning is spanking?

Positive punishment

Rosalind gives her daughter a piece of candy for being quiet during a work meeting. Which type of operant conditioning is this?

Positive reinforcement

System responsible for storing information for long periods of time

Long term memory

Recall that involves conscious recollections of events or facts we have learned in the past 

Explicit memory

Recall that occurs when learning from an experience is not accompanied by conscious recall of it

Implicit memory

Recall for specific experiences from the past

Episodic memory

Recall of facts

Semantic memory

Recall for doing things that usually involve learned skills

Procedural memory

Presentation of one stimulus that changes the way a person responds to another stimulus 

Priming

Plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the order the word appears 

Serial position curve

Enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of a list 

Primacy effect

Enhanced memory for words presented at the end of a list 

Recency effect

Form in which stimuli are represented in the mind 

Coding

Decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information disrupts the learning of new information 

Proactive interference

Increase in performance when previously learned information does not disrupt the learning of new information 

Release from proactive interference

Identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier 

Recognition memory

Subcortical structure important for forming long term memories 

Hippocampus

Experience of an individual going back in their mind to reexperience past events 

Mental time travel

Recall of specific events from a person’s life, including both episodic and semantic components 

Autobiographical memory

Recall component made up of the facts associated with one’s own experiences

Personal semantic memory

Familiarity and recollection measurements of memory 

Remember/know procedure

Loss of episodic detail for memories of long ago events 

Semanticization of remote memory 

Recall for doing things that usually involve learned expertise 

Skill memory

Automatic action where the action does not require attention 

Expert-induced amnesia 

Initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus presented later 

Repetition priming 

Repetition priming 

Propaganda effect

Technique where a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus which produces a response 

Classical conditioning

In the movie 50 First Dates, the character “10-second Tom,” who cannot form new memories beyond a few seconds, would best be described as experiencing which?

Anterograde amnesia 

Which of the following forms of long term memories are implicit memories?

Procedural

Priming

Conditioning

True or false: damage to the hippocampus causes difficulty learning new information 

True

Remembering one’s first trip to the doctor

Episodic memory

Recalling primary colors and shapes

Semantic memory

Recalling details of one’s first family trip to the beach 

Autobiographical memory 

There are four forms of operant conditioning, where behavior is ___ or ___. This type of conditioning is most liked to ___ memory because it is ___

Rewarded; punished; explicit; conscious

True or false: damage to the hippocampus results in difficulty with semantic memory

False

Hippocampus removed surgically

H.M.

Trouble with long term memory

H.M.

Intact long term memory

K.F.

Motorcycle accident

K.F.

Patient H.M.

The Damage: Medial temporal lobes and hippocampus removed surgically to treat severe epilepsy.

The Impairment: Severe anterograde amnesia; he could not form new explicit/declarative (episodic or semantic) long-term memories.

The Strength: Short-term memory remained intact, and procedural (motor skill) learning was preserved.

Model Impact: Supports the Multi-Store Model of Memory by showing LTM and STM are separate stores. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

H.M.: Intact STM + Damaged LTM formation.

Patient K.F.

The Damage: Left parietal lobe damaged in a motorcycle accident.

The Impairment: Severely impaired verbal short-term memory (digit span of only about 1–2 items).

The Strength: Ability to form and retrieve long-term memories remained normal.

Model Impact: Challenges the strict linearity of the Multi-Store Model (which claimed damage to STM must break LTM transfer) and supports the Working Memory Model.

K.F.: Damaged STM + Intact LTM formation.

Conclusion of H.M. and K.F.

Memory is not a single process; distinct brain areas control short-term and long-term functions

Which type of memory is responsible for the plan that Abel has to unload the dishwasher before his family arrives home

Prospective memory

Becoming afraid on a ladder

Classical

Startling to a loud noise

Classical

Receiving an A on a term paper

Operant

Being grounded for missing curfew

Operant

Recalling where one first learned the states and capitals involved ___, whereas ___ is the knowledge of these facts themselves

Episodic memory; semantic memory

Haroon can recall in vivid detail how he first learned to drive a vehicle, including how frightened yet excited he felt at the time. Which type of memory is involved in this scenario?

Episodic memory

Procedural memory

Declarative memory

Knowing how to ride a bike is an example of ___, aka ___, whereas remembering how one learned to ride the same bike is an example of ___, aka ___

Implicit memory; nondeclarative memory; explicit memory; declarative memory

Which brain regions are involved in memory difficulty?

Hippocampus

Parietal lobe

Which type of study involves a detailed analysis of a single individual in order to advance understanding of how memory functions?

Case study

Learning the letters of the alphabet

Semantic

Learning the name of U.S. presidents

Semantic

Remembering one’s first date

Episodic

Recalling how one learned to ride a bike

Episodic

Which features describe episodic memory?

Damage to hippocampus impairs function

Long term

Amygdala ties to strong emotional connection

Recalling the beginning of a shopping list

Primacy

Recalling the first 4 digits of a phone number

Primacy

Recalling the last 5 words of a speech

Recency

Recalling the names of the last 3 people in a group

Recency

When attempting to recall items in a list, items at the beginning are ___ to recall than those in the middle, which is known as ___. In addition, humans are ___ likely to recall items at the end of the list compared to those in the middle, which is part of the ___

Easier; primacy effect; more; serial order effect

Mara is using her ___ memory to recall how to write the letters in the words as she recounts a recent vacation using ___ memory in a letter to her friend. The level of detail of the vacation will be ___ and ___ vivid than recounting learning calligraphy

Semantic; episodic; higher; more