blood bank: transfusion transmitted infections

what type of screening test is done for HIV 1/2

antibodies and NAT (RNA)

what test method is used for hepatitis B virus (HBV)

HBsAg, anti-HBc, NAT (DNA)

which test method is used for hepatitis C virus (HCV)

anti-HCV, NAT (RNA)

which pathogen is tested only one time

trypanosoma cruzi

which pathogen is regional and risk-based

zika virus (ZKIV)

which disease is regional and only tested in endemic areas

babesia microti

which disease is tested selectively for high risk patients

CMV

inflammation of the liver is also known as

hepatitis

which form of hepatitis is a small nonenveloped RNA virus that is transmitted mostly through fecal contamination

hepatitis A

true or false: hepatitis A is rarely transmitted through blood

true

which form of hepatitis is an enveloped DNA virus, also known as a ‘hardy’ virus that survives at 60 C for 4 hours

hepatitis B

the complete virion of HBV is known as

dane particle

which HBV antigen is known as the surface/envelope antigen

HBsAg

which HBV antigen is known as the core/nucleocapsid antigen

HBcAg

which HBV antigen is known as the e antigen

HBeAg

the surface antigen

consists of viral proteins embedded in the envelope on the outer surface of the virus and is present in the serum

the core antigen

makes up the nucleocapsid but this antigen and cannot be recovered in the serum

the e antigen

is a small soluble piece that may be cut off the core antigen and is present in serum

which antigen cannot be recovered in the serum

core antigen

vertical transmission

crossing the placental barrier

parenteral transmission

entry through a puncture of the skin or mucous membranes

what is prodrome

the initial signs and symptoms of a disease that occur before full blown signs and symptoms

what is the first marker present in the blood for HBV

HBsAg

the presence of HBsAg in the serum indicates

active infection

the presence of anti-HBs indicates

immunity

what is the second marker present in HBV

HBeAg

the presence of HBeAg suggests

the patient has a high degree of potential to infect others

the e antigen is normally found in conjunction with

the surface antigen

what is the third marker present for HBV

anti-HBc

which marker remains in high titer for many months to years after infection

anti-HBc

a positive anti-HBs indicates

recovery from past infection or a successful vaccination

a person vaccinated for HBV has what markers present

anti-HBs only

a person that has a resolved past infection for HBV will have which markers

anti-HBs and anti-HBc (IgG)

which form of hepatitis is transmitted parenterally through transfusions, or accidental needle sticks

hepatitis C

which form of hepatitis cannot make all the proteins it needs to reproduce, so it can only survive in a patient that has HBV

HDV

what is a retrovirus

a single stranded RNA virus that carries reverse transcriptase enzyme

which of the following is not considered a retrovirus

HBV

which form of HIV is responsible for almost all of the worldwide AIDS epidemic

HIV 1

which strain of HIV is responsible for over 90 % of cases

M (major) strain

which strain of HIV is screened by questions about traveling to central and west african countries

O (outlier) strain

incubation for untreated HIV infection is about

10 years

the window period or seroconversion period for HIV is about how long

22 days

NAT for HIV I and II shortens the window/seroconversion period to how long

12 days

which virus infects T lymphocytes and may be the cause of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

HTLV

which virus is endemic to the middle east and is carried between birds and humans by mosquitoes

west nile virus

testing for WNV is required during

warmer seasons

parvovirus B19 is also known as

fifth disease, erythemia infectiosum

which virus is characterized by a distinctive ‘slapped cheek’ rash

parvovirus B19

true or false: testing for CMV is required

false

what are prions

abnormal proteins that have the ability to transform normal proteins inside a neuron

what happens as prions build up in the neuron

they form plaques that destroy the cell and form holes in the brain

mad cow disease can transmit

prions

what is an example of a prion disease

creutzfeldt-jakob disease

CJD occurs in

elderly

which prion disease has been seen to be transmitted through transfusions

variant CJD

most bacterial contamination of blood product occurs during

venipuncture

why are donors that have a fever >99.5 F temporarily deferred

due to the risk of bacterial contamination

which blood product is most associated with bacterial contamination

platelets

the bacteria most responsible for contamination of red cell products is

yersinia enterocolitica

which bacterium causes syphilis

treponema pallidum

what is the most common transfusion transmitted parasite in the united state

babesia microti

characteristic of babesia

maltese or x shaped chromosome like configuration

where is babesia screened and tested for

where the parasite is endemic

chagas is caused by the parasite

trypanosoma cruzi

which disease is transmitted to humans by the reduviid/kissing bug

chagas disease

which disease is only required to be tested for once

chagas disease

if a donor tests positive for chagas disease, what confirmatory test is used

radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA)

malaria is caused by the

plasmodium genus

toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite

toxoplasma gondii

which parasite is ingested through uncooked meat, by accidentally swallowing the parasite in cat feces

toxoplasma gondii

what two lab tests are used to identify potential donors that may be HIV positive

antibody and NAT (RNA)

which organism causes chagas disease

trypanosoma cruzi

select the hepatitis virus that is associated with the highest chronic carrier rate

hepatitis C

transfusion transmitted sepsis occurs most frequently after the transfusion of which type of blood product

platelet pheresis

how are CJD and vCJD similar

they present with identical symptoms

the etiologic agent for syphilis is

treponema pallidum

all of the following are retroviruses except

HBV

which of the following hepatitis viruses has the highest incidence of transfusion transmission in the united states

hepatitis B

which transfusion transmitted parasitic infection is caused by a tick bite

babesiosis

the first marker to appear in a hepatitis B infection is

HBsAg

which of the following transmissible disease tests is required to be performed on all donated blood

HCV antibody