Class 10th - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Vocabulary flashcards covering core terms, historical figures, organizations, and concepts from Class 10th History: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.

Absolutist

A government or system of rule that has no restraints on the powers exercised.

la patrie and le citoyen

French concepts meaning 'the fatherland' and 'the citizen', which emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

Liberalism

A political and economic philosophy standing for individual freedom and equality before the law, government by consent, representative government through parliament, the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, and the freedom of markets.

Vienna Congress (1815)

A congress convened in 1815 with the primary goal of restoring the monarchies and conservative regimes overthrown by Napoleon and creating a new conservative order in Europe.

Young Italy

A secret society founded in the 1830s by Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini to promote revolutionary goals and work toward Italian unification.

Duke Metternich

The Austrian leader known for the remark, 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.'

Karol Kurpinski

A Polish romantic who celebrated the national struggle through opera and music, transforming traditional folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

Act of Union (1707)

An agreement between England and Scotland that formed the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' and gave England influence and control over Scotland.

Marianne

The female allegory of France who represents reason, liberty, and the republic, typically depicted with the red cap, the tricolour, and the cockade.

Germania

The female allegory representing the German nation, depicted wearing a crown of oak leaves which symbolizes heroism.

Nation state

A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity, functioning as a complete and sovereign territorial unit.

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)

A legal code introduced by Napoleon in 1804 that abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.

Aristocracy

The socially and politically dominant class in Europe united by a common lifestyle, ownership of estates in the countryside and townhouses, marriage ties, and the diplomatic use of French.

New Middle Class

A European social class originating from the third estate that earned wealth through expanded overseas trade and manufacturing (such as woollen and silk textiles) and gained access to education.

Zollverein

A customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia that eliminated internal tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

Conservatism

A cultural, social, and political philosophy dedicated to preserving and promoting traditional social institutions and practices, advocating gradual development over sudden change.

Revolutionaries

Individuals committed to resisting monarchical governance, fighting for liberty and freedom, and establishing sovereign nation-states.

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807 who founded secret societies including 'Young Italy' and 'Young Europe' to inspire nationalist uprisings across Europe.

Romanticism

A cultural movement that rejected the glorification of science and reason, focusing instead on intuition, emotion, and mystical feelings to cultivate a collective national identity and cultural heritage.

Frankfurt Parliament

The all-German National Assembly convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St Paul, where 831 elected representatives drafted a constitution for a unified Germany under a constitutional monarchy.

Allegory

The representation of an abstract concept (such as liberty, freedom, greed, or envy) in the form of a person or a tangible object.

Balkans

A geographically and ethnically diverse region comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro, predominantly ruled by the Ottoman Empire prior to nationalist unrest.

Slavs

The collective name given to the native inhabitants of the Balkan region.

Johann Gottfried Herder

A German philosopher who claimed that true German culture was preserved and discovered among the ordinary people (das Volk) through folk songs, poetry, and folk dances.

Treaty of Constantinople (1832)

The treaty signed in July 1832 that officially recognized Greece as an independent nation following the Greek War of Independence.

Otto von Bismarck

The chief minister of Prussia who orchestrated the unification of Germany with the support of the Prussian military and bureaucracy across three wars over seven years.

Count Camillo de Cavour

The chief minister who engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance between Sardinia-Piedmont and France, enabling the defeat of Austrian forces in 1859 as part of Italian unification.

King Victor Emmanuel II

The king of Sardinia-Piedmont who pursued Italian unification through military campaigns and was proclaimed king of a united Italy in 1861.