PE Unit 3 AOS 1

skill acquisition, biomechanics,

motor skills

a voluntary, goal-directed activity that we learn through practice and experience

fundamental motor skills (FMS)

foundation skills and basic movement patterns that provide the basis for the development of sport-specific movement skills later on.

sport specific skills

advanced versions of FMS

TYPES OF FMS

-          Object control (manipulative) skills

-          Locomotive skills

-          Body control skills

-          Aquatic skills

classifying movement skills

• movement precision - gross/fine

• type of movement - discrete/serial/continuous

• predictability of the environment - openclosed

movement precision

gross/fine

type of movement

discrete/serial/continuous

predictability of environment

open/closed

gross motor skill

involve the recruitment of large muscle groups where there is less emphasis on precision

fine motor skills

involve the recruitment of smaller muscles associated with movements requiring precision

discrete motor skill

have a clear beginning and end to the skill

serial motor skill

combination of several discrete skill performed in a sequence or specific order

continuous motor skill

have no clear beginning or end point; repetitive movements that are longer in duration

closed motor skills

where the performer has the greatest control over the performance environment

open motor skills

performed in a less predictable environment where the conditions are constantly changing

qualitative analysis

a judgement of the QUALITY of a movement; the strengths and weaknesses of performance

STAGES OF QUANTITATIVE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS

• preparation (gather relevant knowledge of the game)

• observation (live or recorded data gathered)

• evaluation (diagnosis)

• error correction

biomechanics

an area of sports science that applies the laws of physics and mechanics to promote performance in sport

motion

refers to a body’s change in position in relation to time.

force

either pushes or pulls that change an object’s movement (no object demonstrates motion unless it is subjected to a force)

mass

the quantity of matter found withing a particular body, typically measured in kg

inertia

the resistance of a body/something to change its state of motion

distance

the path travelled from start to finish (regardless of the direction)

displacement

change of position (how far from the initial position to the final position)

speed

the rate of motion as determined by distance covered/time taken (m/s)

velocity

the rate of motion as determined by displacement/time taken (m/s)

acceleration

ANY change in velocity over a period of time

angular acceleration

the rate of change of angular velocity experienced by an object over time, or how quickly a body changes its angular motion.

momentum

the quantity of motion a particular body of mass has; a product of mass and velocity.

conservation of momentum

describes how the total momentum of the two objects before a collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision

moment of inertia (MOI)

measure of an object’s resistance to change in its rate of rotation

angular momentum

measures the amount of a rotating object’s angular motion

summation of momentum/force

the adding of different body parts to accumulate a greater overall force via the contribution of all these parts.

impulse

applying a force to an object over a given amount of time causes a change in momentum; the product of force and time.

torque

a force that is applied at a distance away from the centre of mass, that causes an object to rotate; moment of force.

N1L - inertia

an object will remain at rest or in constant linear motion unless acted upon by an external force.

N2L - force = mass * acceleration

force is a product of mass and acceleration

N3L - action and release

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

projectile motion

the motion that any object or body possesses when released into the air

levers

a simple machine that amplifies a small force onto a larger force

mechanical advantage

the degree to which a lever amplifies speed or force

balance

the ability to maintain equilibrium

stability

the degree of a body’s resistance in changing equilibrium

centre of gravity (COG)

the point in an object where the weight is evenly distributed in all directions

line of gravity

a vertical line extending from the centre of gravity to the ground

base of support

area of the ground the body is in contact with

cognitive stage of learning

learner is trying to understand the movement requirements of the motor skill

associative stage of learning

where the performer begins to refine their technique movement patterns as they move away from ‘trial and error’ style of learning

autonomous stage of learning

where the learner can perform the skill almost automatically; no longer need to think about the skill

sociocultural influences

customs, lifestyles and values that characterise a society or group

direct approach to learning

instructor-oriented approach to coaching movement skills, where the learner is told what to do and how to do it

constraints-based approach to learning

encourages the learner to discover effective skill technique and develop tactical awareness through participation in short-sided modified games.

feedback

information that a performer receives about the outcome of a task they have performed

proprioception

the sense that YOU HAVE of your body awareness; the sense that helps a child with body awareness

knowledge of results

information about the outcome of the task

knowledge of performance

information about the characteristics of performing a task

confidence

belief an athlete has about their ability to execute a specific task or goal successfully

choking

when an athlete fails to perform effectively under pressure conditions

mental imagery/visualisation

athlete visualising themselves performing a skill or competition event flawlessly, without the actual physical movement

motivation

the reason for participating in an activity

intrinsic motivation

comes from within and occurs when factors such as enjoyment, satisfaction, improvement and enhanced feelings of self-worth are the primary motivation for performance

extrinsic motivation

has an external focus and usually involves some form of material benefit such as financial rewards, awards and trophies, glory and recognition

outcome goals

related to the overall result of the competition (e.g. finishing first, second, third)

performance goals

related to an athlete’s own personal level of performance irrespective of others (e.g. hitting 80% of free throws, running a PB)

process goals

related to performance goals, but athletes focus on the physical movement or game strategy aspects (e.g. complete same routine before each free throw attempt)

arousal

the activation or readiness an individual experiences when faced with a sporting situation or task

concentration

the mental ability to focus on the task at hand while ignoring distractions

blocked practice

each skill component is practiced repetitively as an independent block

random practice

skills practiced in a random order without predictability

massed practice

each skill component is practiced with little rest between activities or as a few longer sessions across a week

distributed practiced

each skill component is practiced with rest between activities or as shorter sessions throughout the week

part practice

subroutines of a skill are practiced before combining them

whole practice

entire skill is practiced