Week12_Renal_Disorders_1_

Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

A clinical syndrome characterized by an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate leading to retention of metabolic waste products.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The rate at which the kidneys filter blood, which decreases during acute renal failure.

Azotemia

An acute rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, indicating kidney dysfunction.

Oliguria

A condition characterized by urine output of less than 400 mL per day or less than 0.30 mL per hour.

Prerenal ARF

Acute renal failure caused by renal hypoperfusion often due to low cardiac output or bleeding.

Intrarenal ARF

Acute renal failure caused by direct damage to the nephron, often due to ischemia or nephrotoxins.

Postrenal ARF

Acute renal failure caused by obstruction of urine flow out of the kidneys.

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

Damage to the renal tubular epithelium resulting from nephrotoxic or ischemic injury.

Uremic syndrome

A condition where toxins accumulate in the body due to kidney failure.

Electrolyte Imbalance

Abnormal levels of electrolytes in the body, common in patients with renal failure, specifically potassium and sodium.

Fluid resuscitation

The process of restoring fluid balance in a patient, typically using crystalloids or colloids.

Diuretics

Medications that increase urine output; used in the treatment of acute renal failure to manage fluid balance.

Hydration

The act of providing adequate fluids to a patient to prevent dehydration, particularly crucial in at-risk populations.

Fractonal sodium (FeNa)

A measure indicating the kidneys' ability to reabsorb sodium; useful in differentiating prerenal from intrarenal causes of ARF.

Hemodynamic monitoring

A method to assess fluid volume status and guide treatment in patients with acute renal failure.

Recovery phase of ATN

The final phase of acute tubular necrosis marked by improvement in renal function and increased urine output.