Physio exam 2 - (3 & 4) perception (touch & pain and visual system)
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54 Terms
general senses are…
skin, various organs and joints
special senses are…
eyes, ears, nose, mouth
CNS must distinguish 4 properties of a stimulus…
modality, location, intensity, duration.
smaller receptor fields lead to more…
convergence = precision (i.e. fingertips)
bigger receptor fields lead to
less neurons being used, more convergence, less precision (i.e. back)
for the brain to understand location of a sound…
it creates a map by tracking where the sound was heard first
lateral inhibition is where…
peripheral stimuli decrease to make it easier to perceive (stimulus does not increase)
amplitude
strength of a stimulus
phasic receptors
rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and then turn off (i.e. smell)
tonic receptors
slowly adapt for the duration of the stimulus (i.e. pain)
course touch goes to…
spinal cord (dorsal column)
fine touch goes to…
the brain stem → then thalamus → then somatosensory cortex (contralterally)
somatosensory cortex located…
in S1 on the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe
pain receptors are…
free nerve endings
pain receptors are also called…
nociceptors
the neurotransmitter responsible for pain…
substance P
phantom pain (from an amputated limb) is caused…
by the section of the brain responsible for the recpetion still being there
__ helps focus the light to the _
lens, fovea
when the fovea detaches, it causes problems with…
focusing and recognizing faces
when objects get the closer, the lens….
gets more rounded
3 kind of neural cells of the retina are…
photoreceptors: rods and cones
bipolar neurons
ganglion cells
there are more ___ than ___
rods than cones
the fovea is the area with the most…
visual acuity = has more cones (can sense colors better)
what is the path of light?
rod or cone → bipolar cell → retinal ganglion cell
when there is light…
light hits photopigments → decreases cGMP, cGMP channels are closed → no sodium or calcium can enter the cell → hyperpolarization (cell becomes more negative)
when there is no light…
cGMP levels are high → cGMP gated Na/Ca channels open → calcium and sodium flows in and depolarizes the cell → when the cell deporalizes it releases neurotransmitters
what cells pick up neurotransmitters when there is no light?
bipolar cells
when there is no light, bipolar cells…
don’t release neurotransmitters back to the ganglion cells = no action potential
amacrine cells
help with contrast enhancement