Criminal Justice Exam 2

Pledge System

There was a pledge system with 10 families in a tithings, which multiple famlies were grouped into hundredths which as led by a constable

Shires

modern day counties were run by shiree reeves

Watch System

men organized at parishes to guard and protect peace

Justice of peace

established in 1326, England to help shiree reeves control the shire

First public police force

In London, 1829, they introduced the metroploitian police force which had 1000 men and was structured like the military but still corrupt

Police in colonial america

patterned after the English model, sheriffs were primary police officers, slave patrols in the South, and vigilantes in the western territories

First police stations in America

Came about because of increased mob violence and inherited jobs from the previous institutions (street sweeping, public health)

Boston - 1838

New York - 1844

Philadelphia - 1854

First Technology

Telegraphs in 1867

bikes in 1897

police car in ohio in 1910

The emergence of professionalism

wanted less politics and corruption, started to develop professional organizations (IACP - promoted strong ethics), early reform leaders include August Vollmer and OW wilson

1960s and above

record Supreme Court decisions (Gideon vs wainwright - right to an attorney), but civil unrest because of violent enforcement of civil rights, increased crime rates, increased federal support for local policing through leaa

Notable Achievements in the 1990s

Increased intellectual capacity

Advanced management techniques

Standards of police conduct improved

diverse police

more challenging police work

gradual police acceptance of citizens

The President’s task force on modern policing

building trust and legitimacy

policy and oversight

community policing and crime reduction

training and education

officer safety and wellness

Federal law agencies

US Justice department

• FBI

• Drug Enforcement admin

• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and explosives

• US Marshalls

Homeland Security

• customs and border protections

• secret service

State law enforcement

limited to highway patrol in some states, maintain training agencies, and provide technological expertise

County Law Enforcement

Some are exclusively law enforcement and others focus on
court-related duties.

Metropolitian Police

fits the community’s needs, employed by municipal institutions

Key Tech Innovations

Predictive policing, DNA profiling, data mining

Pros and cons of time in rank promotion

Pros - maintains fairness and prevents favouritism; protects agencies from losing valuable people

Cons - restricts flexibility and rapid advancement

The police role

mostly non-crime fighting, average police makes two arrests per month

Patrol Officer Function

Deter crime, provide care to people who need it, and maintain public order

Detectives

three-pronged approach (specific focus, general coverage and informative)

Community Oriented policing

wants to connect the police to the community, uses foot patrol but

Demographic Makeup of Policing

13% are female

11% are a racial minority

Minority Police officers

First African American officer - 1861, had to patrol only minority neighbourhoods and lacked promotions

Female officer

first female officer - 1910 (LAPD) was assigned menial tasks but still struggled for acceptance

Police culture

Cyanism - distrust in human nature

Blue curtain - the belilf to not turn on fellow officers

Core beliefs - them vs us

Policing styles

crime fighter

social agent

law enforcer

watchman

Factors that influence discretion

emotional intelligence

legal factors

departmental factors

environmental factors

peer factors

situational factors

extralegal factors

Causes of job stress

constant vigilance, internal conflict with admin, lack of support and training

Types of Corruption

Active Criminality - commits crimes

internal corruption - within the department

selective enforcement - choosing to ignore crimes

man eaters vs grass eaters - man (actively abuses people) and grass (passively accepts bribes)

Causes of corruption

greed, wide discretion, and limited supervisory control

Use of Force

17% of us residents had face-to-face contact

9/10 who had contact with police felt positive

1.4% of all stops had police officer use or threaten force

Controlling deadly force

tennesse vs garner said that police can’t use deadly force on a fleeing suspect if they aren’t a threat

Grahmn vs connor

have to use objective reasonableness to judge non-lethal force

Mapp vs Ohio

Officers can’t use evidence if obtained through unconstitutional searches