Chem Semester Exam

What is a chemical bond?

Mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together.

What is Ionic Bonding?

Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and anions due to the transfer of electrons.

What compound can all ionic compounds be referred to as?

Salt.

What is Covalent Bonding?

Chemical bonding that results from the sharing of electron pairs between two non-metal atoms.

What are the steps for Covalent Bonding?

Dot Notation, Sharing electrons with loops, Names, Drawing, Shape and Polarity.

What is the shortcut for Covalent Bonding?

Use math to determine the total electrons desired for each atom, subtract the total existing electrons, and divide by 2.

What is Metallic Bonding?

Form of bonding characterized by highly mobile valence electrons, typically found in metals.

What is Covalent-Network Bonding?

Continuous network of bonded atoms, typically involving only non-metals (e.g., diamonds).

What are Intermolecular Forces?

Forces of attraction between molecules, distinct from intramolecular forces within a molecule.

What is bond length?

Distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy.

What is bond energy?

Energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms.

What defines a Mole?

A number representing 6.02 x 10^23 units of a substance.

What is the process for balancing chemical reactions?

Use coefficients to balance the number of atoms of each element on both sides without changing subscripts.

What are the types of Chemical Reactions?

Synthesis, Analysis, Single Replacement, Double Replacement, and Combustion.

What is a Chemical Formula?

Represents a compound or substance with subscripts and symbols, such as NaCl or H2O.

What are Empirical and Molecular Formulas?

Empirical formulas show the simplest ratio of elements, while molecular formulas indicate the actual numbers of atoms.

Definition of Limiting Reactant (L.R.)?

The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

Definition of Excess Reactant (E.R.)?

The reactant that remains after a chemical reaction has gone to completion.

What does Molarity measure?

The concentration of solutions, defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

What is pH?

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, representing the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Characteristics of Acids?

Sour taste, changes color, conducts electric current, reacts with metals to release hydrogen, and a pH of less than 7.

Characteristics of Bases?

Bitter taste, slippery, changes color, conducts electric current, and pH greater than 7.

What does the logarithmic formula for pH represent?

pH = -log[H+], where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.