AP World History (ch 16)

Of the raw materials that circulated on the Asian sea trading network during the Early Modern period, __________ were the most popular and profitable.

spices

What can be said of the Asian sea trading network at the time of the Portuguese arrival in India toward the end of the fifteenth century?

The Asian sea trading network lacked central control and a military presence in its commercial exchanges.

Ormuz and Goa were __________.

fortified coastal factories in Asia where the Portuguese stored their spices

What can be said of the Portuguese trading empire in Asia at the beginning of the seventeenth century?

The Portuguese trade empire in Asia was in decline and faced increased threats from Dutch and English rivals.

By the beginning of the seventeenth century, the __________ were most in control of the Asian sea trade network.

Dutch

English commercial exchanges on the Asian sea trade network were mostly concentrated in __________.

India

How was European expansion in Asia similar to Spanish expansion in Latin America?

Both systems of expansion involved severe methods of collecting tribute from indigenous people.

Compared to the earlier Tang dynasty, the Ming dynasty in its first decades experienced __________.

dynamic economic growth

Chinese population increased and accelerated during the Ming period mainly because of the introduction of new food crops from the Americas, including __________.

maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts

What can be said of the imperial civil service exams that were administered during the Ming era?

The examination system was routinized and made more complex than it had previously been.

Chinese art during the Ming dynasty tended to __________ than styles of art from earlier dynasties.

be busier and more colorful

Zheng He contributed to the growth and development of Ming rule in China by __________.

leading a series of overseas expeditions throughout the Asian sea trade network

Sixteenth-century Japan could best be described as an area where __________.

the warring houses of the samurai elite were locked in a stalemate to determine which one would gain control of the country

The Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1573 by the military warlord __________.

Oda Nabunaga

Japanese culture and society were transformed after the initial Portuguese arrival in the sixteenth century through the __________.

introduction of firearms

The areas that the Portuguese reached in East Africa and India __________.

made up only a small portion of commercial exchange and cultural interaction on the Asian sea trading network

Areas on the fringes of the three main zones in the Asian sea trade network generally offered __________.

raw materials, such as precious metals, food, and forest products

The Portuguese tried to gain control of most of the Asian sea trading network by implementing __________.

a monopoly on the transportation and sale of spices along with a licensing system on all merchant ships trading on the Indian Ocean

The founding of the port, fortress, and factory at __________ enabled the Dutch to gain control of the spice trade in the Southeast Asian islands after 1620.

Batavia

The following description made by a Dutch envoy visiting the Japanese imperial court demonstrated that __________. "That consequently the Company's ministers frequenting the scrupulous state each year must above all go armed in modesty, humility, courtesy, and amity, always being the lesser."

European military force was unsuccessful in subduing areas where martial culture persisted

Compared to the Spanish and Portuguese during the early centuries of overseas expansion, the Dutch and English __________.

had little interest in winning new converts to Christianity

Public bathing and the refusal to give up ritual drinking by Filipinos who converted to Christianity demonstrated that they __________.

continued to cling to their traditional cultural ways

Most of the great wealth that Chinese merchants received from long-distance trade during the Ming dynasty was invested in __________.

land ownership

Rigorous civil service exams indicate that Chinese society __________.

was perhaps the best-educated preindustrial civilization

Unlike Chinese art during the Ming dynasty, Chinese literature __________.

experienced a variety of innovations, including the full development of the novel

What do comparisons between Chinese and European sea power reveal about overseas expansion during the Early Modern period?

While both groups possessed the capabilities for overseas expansion, only the Europeans had strong motives to move forward.

After the Ming dynasty collapsed due to a series of internal rebellions in 1644, it was replaced by the __________ dynasty.

Qing

Toyotomi Hideyoshi's plans for expanding Japan's presence in Asia began with unfulfilled attempts to conquer __________.

Korea

Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu required that vassal daimyos live half a year in the capital city of Edo so they could __________.

demonstrate their loyalty to the shogun and not pose a threat to the ruling dynasty

Shogun Oba Nobunaga was receptive to early Christian missionaries in Japan mostly because he __________.

wanted these missionaries to serve as a counterforce to the Buddhist sects that were resisting his power

The first Europeans to arrive in India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope did so under the leadership of __________.

Vasco de Gama

The three main trade zones of the Asian sea trading network were originally controlled by the __________.

Arabs, Indians, and Chinese

Despite the wealth and luxury products the Portuguese brought back from India to Europe, their ventures contradicted the theory of mercantilism because Portuguese traders __________.

spent too much gold and silver to purchase Asian products

The Portuguese decided to use force to control the Asian sea trade network because they __________.

were outnumbered by Asian fleets and had inferior manufactured goods to exchange

After the defeat of a combined Egyptian and Indian fleet by a Portuguese fleet off the coast of Diu in 1509, the Portuguese __________.

never had to face so formidable an alliance of Asian sea powers again

One difference between the Dutch and Portuguese trading empires in Asia was that the Dutch __________.

had larger numbers of better-armed ships to conduct and protect trade

As the demand for spices decreased in Europe, the Dutch sustained their profitable "golden age" in Holland by __________.

charging fees to transport products from one area in Asia to another

The patterns of exploration and settlement used by Europeans in the Asian trade network demonstrated that the gunpowder revolution brought about by warships and muskets __________.

lost its effectiveness as Europeans moved further inland from the Asian coastlines

As the Dutch moved further inland into western Java from their base in Batavia, they discovered that this region was ideal for the production of __________.

coffee

Missionary Robert di Nobili differed from missionary Francis Xavier in that di Nobili __________.

introduced conversion strategies to Indian elites first, rather than focusing on the untouchables and members of lower-caste groups

What can be said of the Spanish efforts to convert the native people of the Philippines during the Early Modern period?

Filipinos who converted to Catholicism retained many of their traditional beliefs and customs through a blended form of Christianity.

Between 1600 and 1800, the population of China __________.

More than doubled

Chinese commerce during the Ming period experienced renewed growth because the Chinese were able to __________.

negotiate their own trade terms due to the high demand for their advanced handicrafts

Europeans arriving in China were legally allowed to conduct business only in the cities of __________.

Macao and Canton

What can be said about the Chinese way of life after the Ming dynasty ousted the Mongol Yuan dynasty?

Society in general became more constricted through the adoption of neo-Confucian teachings and decorum.

The gains made by reformed civil service examinations led to better administration of Chinese bureaucracy but were offset by __________.

the growing power of rural landowning families

The Ming dynasty abandoned support for Zheng He's overseas expeditions and focused instead on __________.

repairing and joining the northern defense works to form the Great Wall of China as it exists today

Jesuit missionaries Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall were most like missionary Robert di Nobili in that they tried to __________.

implement a top-down strategy of converting the elite first before moving forward with the masses

Chinese junks __________.

were far larger than the caravels and other European sailing vessels used in the Early Modern period and could carry more passengers

Daimyos were __________ during the Early Modern period.

regional lords in Japan

One major effect of Tokugawa rule in Japan was __________.

a state of isolation that lasted nearly 250 years

Unlike his predecessor, Oba Nobunaga, Tokugawa shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi __________.

was a highly skilled diplomat

In the late 1580s, efforts by missionaries to Christianize the Japanese people __________.

collapsed suddenly after missionaries began to be perceived as a threat to the new social order that had been established in Japan

The establishment of a port on the island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay demonstrated that the Tokugawa shogunate was __________.

determined to prevent European contact and cultural values from spreading to the rest of Japan

The School of National Learning was established to __________.

emphasize Japan's unique history and the revival of its indigenous culture