History 1300 - Wingerd Exam 2

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809), and was the author of Common Sense.

William III

He was hesitant to come into England from the Netherlands and immediately take over the thrown but most of the British army took his side so it was easy to make James II flee. During his rule, he passed the Act of Toleration in 1689 which garanteed religious tolerance to Protestants. stopped catholic rule. He also placed more power towards the Parliament and stopped many of the illegal activities that James II was doing. Married to Mary, Dutch-borne.

James Chalmers

19th century missionary to New Guinea, Scottish man who wrote Plain Truth.

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain, claimed they deserved to be independent.

Acts of Parliament

several acts were passed by British parliament that upset the colonists including the stamp act and the tea tax.

Plain Truth

Written by James Chalmers. Contradicted "common sense" and encouraged loyalty to England, claimed victory was impossible.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules. Written by John Locke.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca

a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 with many concessions to Russia.

Benjamin Rush

wrote thoughts upon female education, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, and educator and the founder of Dickinson College. Rush attended the Continental Congress.

Olaudah Equiano

sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative.

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Thoughts Upon Female Education

Written by Benjamin Rush that argued for the education of women because educated women can help teach our children at home.

Zong Massacre

In 1781, captain Collingwood overpacked his slave ship, with 442 Africans to be sold in Jamaica. The crowded ship caused diseases among hundreds. Collingwood decided to throw sick Africans overboard to claim insurance money. Caught the attention of many in Britain and increased the call for abolition.

The Interesting Narrative

first published in 1789 in London, is the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano. The narrative is argued to represent a variety of styles, such as a slavery narrative, travel narrative, and spiritual narrative

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

written by the 18th-century British proto-feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Constitution of Haiti

Written by Toussaint Louverture to declare independence, was controversial in the sense that it heavily discriminated innocent white people by taking away their land.

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Battle of Austerlitz

battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II, also known as the battle of the three emperors.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. US and UK promise to help end the slave trade together.

Simon de Bolivar

Venezuelan-born general called "the Liberator" for his assistance in helping Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela win independence from Spain.

Santa Ana

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

(1753-1811) Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican Independence War in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

James K Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. Wrote to justify Civil Disobedience.

Congress of Angostura

(1819) Congress that declared Venezuelan independence after Simón Bolívar gave an opening address arguing for a strong central government with effective executive powers.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Texas Rebellion

conflict between Mexico and Anglo Texan settlers because they had brought in slaves, which Mexico had outlawed and abolished, resulted in the formation of the Lone Star Republic.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Civil Disobedience

The refusal to obey a law out of a belief that the law is morally wrong. Author Henry David Thoreau wrote an important essay justifying such action

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Victoria I

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

First Opium War

a series of military engagements fought between Britain and the Qing dynasty of China, UK declared war because they claimed China was violating free trade by asking to stop the distribution of opium.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. Led by Hong Xiuquan.

Boxer Uprising

A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Otto van Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy

Wilheim II

was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 15 June 1888 until his abdication on 9 November 1918. proud and stubborn and did not wish to share power with anyone. He was eager to show the world just how might Germany had become. The army was his greatest pride.

Nikolai Danilevskii

Russian Empire naturalist, economist, ethnologist, philosopher, historian and ideologue of Pan-Slavism and the Slavophile movement. He expounded a circular view of world history.

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

American Civil War

1861-1865: War between North (union states) and South (confederate states) over slavery and succeeding.

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Slavophilism

Spread in Russia in last years of Alexander I and after even though he'd been westernized. Application of principle of Volksgeist. These same feelings had rejected the ideas of Peter the Great. Before 1848 these sentiments were still pretty embryonic. Would take a while to grown.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

-French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

John Locke

-English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

The Social Contract

-A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

-An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca

-Ottoman recognition of Russia as the protector of European and Middle Eastern Orthodox Christians

Thomas Paine

-American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

-Author of Common Sense

William III

-He was hesitant to come into England from the Netherlands and immediately take over the thrown but most of the British army took his side so it was easy to make James II flee.

-During his rule, he passed the Act of Toleration in 1689 which guaranteed religious tolerance to Protestants. stopped catholic rule.

-Placed more power towards the Parliament and stopped many of the illegal activities that James II was doing.

-Became co-monarch of England after the Glorious (Or Bloodless) Revolution.

James Chalmers

-Loyalist and member of Maryland's planter elite

-19th century missionary to New Guinea

George III

-English monarch at the time of the revolution.

-He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Glorious Revolution

-Overthrow of King James II of England

-A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Acts of Parliament

-Several acts were passed by the British parliament that upset the colonists including the stamp act and the tea tax.

-Laws passed by the legislature that become part of the constitution after they have gone through Royal Assent.

Benjamin Rush

-Father of American Psychiatry

-Patriot and doctor; signer of the Declaration of Independence and strong supporter of the Constitution.

Olaudah Equiano

-(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out

-Kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times

-He served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean

-From there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery

-He went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences

-His message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

William Wilberforce

-British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Mary Wollstonecraft

-British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women."

-English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Marie Antoinette

-Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Louis XVI

-King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.

-Him and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Zong Massacre

-Massacre of 133 slaves by crewmen of the slave ship to collect insurance and save supplies

-In 1781, captain Collingwood overpacked his slave ship,with 442 Africans to be sold in Jamaica. The crowded ship caused diseases among hundreds.

-Collingwood decided to throw sick Africans overboard to claim insurance money.

"The Interesting Narrative"

-Olauduh Equiano, 1789

-Fought for abolitionism of slavery, told his story

French Revolution

-The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

-He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

-Led the slave rebellion after the first slave rebel was captured; led to Haitian independence.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

-Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Napolean Bonaparte

-1769-1821. French military and political leader. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.

Alexander I

-Seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support at the Congress of Vienna he joined the conservative powers opposing liberal and national impulses.

-(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

George Washington

-1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Hatian Revolution

-The first and only successful revolution led by slaves, begins in full In 1789, France is "on fire" with new ideas of the Enlightenment that assert the "Rights of Man." But it is rooted in the French Revolution. The slave revolts begin on August 22, 1791.With over 100,000 slaves in

revolt. In three short weeks, the slaves burned

nearly every plantation and executed

many if not most of the French they

encountered.

Constitution of Haiti

-Written by Toussaint Louverture to declare independence

Congress of Vienna

-(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Continental System

-Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Battle of Austerlitz

-Battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II

-This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

"Farewell Address"

-Washington: Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

Treaty of Ghent

-December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Simon de Bolivar

-Venezuelan-born general called "the Liberator" for his assistance in helping Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela win independence from Spain.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

-Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

-President