VTNE Study

Gram negative bacteria ends in:

“-ella”, “-monas”, or “-bacter”

• Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Campylobacter

Gram positive bacteria ends in:

“-us” or “-ium”

• Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium

True / False Neisseria ia a coccus but is Gram-Posistive baccili

True

Gram positive bacteria appears what color after being stained?

purple/blue

Gram negative bacteria turns what color when stained?

Pink/Red

An infestation of lice is known as:

Pediculosis

An infestation of fly larvae (maggots) is known as”

Myiasis

What rat flea is know for the plague (Yersinia pestis)?

Xenopsylla cheopis

A puppy comes into the clinic anemic and full of “dirt” on thir fur, what could be the cause of this condition?

fleas

Ixodes is also known as the deer tick and transmits what disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

What tick genus/species is the primary vector for transmitting Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Tularemia?

Dermacentor andersoni and variabilis (american dog tick)

What tick transmits Ehrlichia spp.?

Rhipicephalus (Brown dog tick)

What is a capitulum?

the mouth parts of a tick

Ticks are the most common ectoparasite that transmits Tularemia which is also known as:

Rabbit fever

The causative agent of Tularemia is:

Francisella tularensis

What is used to treat Demodex?

Oral ivermectin or Lyme sulfur dips

A client comes in with a pet who ends up having scabies. The owner wants to know if this cant be transmitted to the family, you tell them:

Yes, but the infection is temporary

Otodectes cynotis is often treated with:

Topical ivermectin (Acarexx)

A dog comes in to the clinic shaking its head and scratchinging at its ears. The dog seems to have dark coffee ground debris in its ears. A slide is looked at under the microscope and mites appear. What could be the mite seen?

Otodectes cynotis

The feline chewinf louse is known as:

Felicola subrostratus

The chewing louse found in canines is known as:

Trichodectes canis

The sucking louse found in canines is known as:

Linognathus setosus

Lice are usually treated with:

Fipronil or Selamectin

What NSAID helps to relieve colic and internal organ pain in horses?

Banamine (Flunixin meglumine)

What is the generic name for Banamine?

Flunixin meglumine

What NSAID helps to relieve joint / muscle pain in horses?

Bute (Phenylbutazone)

Aminoglycosides, like Gentamicin or Tobramycin, target primarily what type of bacteria?

Gram negative

Glycopeptides, like Vancomycin, target what type of bacteria?

Gram positive

Macrolides, like Erythromycin, primarily tareget what type of bacteria?

Gram positive

Lincosamides, like Clindamycin, primarily target what type of bacteria?

Gram positive

Fluroquinolones, such as Enrofloxacin, primarily targets what type of bacteria?

both gram positive and gram negative

Beta Lactams, such as Cephalexin or Cefazolin, primarily targets what type of bacteria?

both gram negative and gram positive

What antibiotic classes are bacteriostatic?

• Macrolides

• Lincosamides

• Chloramphenicol (can cause aplstic anemia)

• Tetracyclines

What antibiotics are bacteriocidal?

• Beta Lactams (penicillins / cephalosporin)

• Aminoglycosides

• Fluroquinolones

• Trimethoprim/Sulfonamides (when in combination)

An animal that has been diagnosed with underlying cardiac insufficiency may need to be restricted on intake of Sodium. Why is that?

Water follows salt —> an animal that consumes more sodium would retain more water

Why can we not give Dextrose via SubQ fluids?

It causes sloughing of the skin and can increase bacterial infections at the injection site

You are asked to prepare a patient for a bone marrow aspirate. which sites are commonly used in dogs to obtain a sample? What about cats? Horses?

• Humeral head

• Iliac crest

  • in CATS femoral head

  • in HORSES the sternum

What is bog spavin?

Tarsocrural effusion

• accumulation of synovial joint fluid in the tarsocrural joint

What is laminitis?

rotation of the coffin joint

What is a “Bowed Tendon” / Tendonitis?

inflammation of a tendon

What quantity of drug is found in 200mLs of a 10% solution

• 20 grams

  • Math:

    • 10% = 100 mg/mL

    • 1 gram = 1,000 mg

    • 200 mL x 100mg / mL = 20,000 mg (was not an answer)

    • 20,000 mg /1,000 mg = 20 grams

Valium is the brand name for:

Diazepam

Versed is the brand name for:

Midazolam

Flagyl is the brand name for":

Metronidazole

• used to treat bacterial and parasitic infections / diarrhea

Reglan is the brand name for:

Metoclopramide

• Used in cases of hypo-motility

Neutrophils deal with:

acute inflammation / bacterial infections

Lymphocytes deal with:

identifying and destroying foreign invaders(viruses, bacteria, and toxins) + eliminating abnormal or cancerous cells within the body.

Eosinophils deal with:

fight parasitic infections and regulate allergic and inflammatory responses

Basophils deal with:

triggering allergic reactions, fighting parasitic infections, and managing inflammation

Monocytes deal with:

fighting off infections, removing dead or damaged tissue, and regulating the immune response

What is the order of erythropoiesis? (most immature to RBC)

Rubriblast —> Prorubricyte → Basophilic rubricyte → Polychromatophilic rubricyte → Metarubricyte → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

What is the purpose of the condenser on the microscope?

to focus light on the object being viewed

What is the average toxic dose of theobromine in dogs?

60 - 100 mg/kg

Coccidiodes immits is known as what disease that is commonly seen in the southwestern US? What is it cause by?

Valley fever; Fungus

What are the symptoms of valley fever (Coccidioides immits)?

• lameness

• coughing

• lethargy

• loss of appetite

Define hypoxia.

Inadequate tissue oxygenation

During calving the rupture of the umbilical cord before birth causes hypoxia in the calf. Why?

Umbilical cord supplies oxygen from mother’s blood to calf, therefore if it ruptures the calf will not recieve oxygen and it becomes an emergency

Define hyperemia.

Increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body

What is sepsis caused by?

caused by infection

Canine pervovirus causes which laboratory changes?

Neutropenia

• Parvoviral enteritis causes vomiting + diarrhea

  • leads to dehydration and often sepsis / fever - overwhelming infection leads to low neutrophil count

Neutropenia is a decrease or increase in neutrophils?

decrease of neutrophils

Neutrophilia is an increase or decrease of neutrophils?

increase of neutrophils

What is Pseudorabies?

a reportable swine disease caused by porcine herpes virus 1.

How is pseudorabies transmitied?

shed through oral / nasal secretions of swine and spread throuhg oral/nasal contact or by fomites

What are symptoms of pseudorabies in swine?

• abortion

• nasal discharge / sneezing

• seizures

• depression

• circling

• ptyalism (increase salivation)

• in cattle: “mad itch” → seizures → death

What is the most common swine GI parasite?

Ascaris suum ( pig nematode)

How does Ascaris suum travel through hepato-larval migration?

agg with L2 is ingested → larvae undergo hepatic migration → molt to L3 → migrate to lungs where coughed up and swallowed→ molt 2 more times and become adult roundworms in intestines

What is the swine kidney worm called?

Stephanurus dentatus

Erysipelothrix is the bacteria that causes what disease in pigs?

diamond skin disease

What is the swine whipworm called that lives in the cecum?

Trichuris suis

Which hormone causes the vaginal cells of the female dog to proliferate and form cornified epithelium?

Estrogen

What part of the brain controls heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure?

Brain stem

The brain stem is made up of what three components?

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

A dog comes into the clinic and is in a “saw horse” stance on the gurney. What could be the cause?

tetanus

An injury to what region of the brain is most likely to result in respiratory arrest?

Brain stem

• pons contains important respiratory centers in the brain stem.

The cerebellum is responsible for:

coordination and balance

The hypothalamus, which is found in the diencephalon, is involved in helping the body regulate what?

endocrine functions in the body

Tularemia can be transmitted to humans by:

• tick bites

• deerflies

If a horse receives a cut on the leg from barbed wire and is not vaccinated, what is the protocol for preventing tetanus?

Tetanus antitoxin within 24 hrs

• provides temporary immunity for about 2 weeks

If a horse has tetnus, what is the protocol for vaccinating?

give the tetanus toxoid and antitoxin

What hormone stimulates uterine contraction?

Oxytocin

What hormone stimulates lactation?

prolactin

What hormone stimulates ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What disorder often occurs around 3 weeks after whelping due to losing calcium in the milk and the inability of the body to keep up with demand? What would you most likely see on the electrolyte panel?

Eclampsia; “milk fever”

• Hypocalcemia

What is hypocalcemia in a dog who has Eclampsia treated with?

Calcium gluconate IV

What will cause a false positive fecal occult blood test?

meat based diet

• test should be administered on a meat free diet (cottage cheese and rice) for 3 days

Struvite crystals are one of the most common observed in urine. What are the chemical constituents of struvite?

Magnesium, Ammonium, and Phosphate

A young male cat with symptoms of FLUTD and struvite cystalluria should recieve what diet?

Acidifying diet

• Struvite crystals form when pH of urine is high or alkaline, therefore an acidifying diet would help decrease the pH of the urine and formation of crystals

A horse with flared nostrils and a heave line from the tuber coxae towards the elbow with forced expiration likely has which of the following conditions?

Obstructive airway disease

• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) causes weight los, lack of energy, and exercise intolerance

The autonomic nervous system refers to what?

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

• Fight / flight and rest / digest

If a chinchilla has a dust bath every day and the owner is leaving the dust bath in the enclosure, what can it potentially cause?

conjunctivitis

Pre-renal azotemia is most commonly caused by what?

Dehydration

• when a patient is dehydrated renal values may be elevated

Azotemia is the term for:

elevated BUN + creatinine (renal values)

Primary renal azotemia is normally caused by what?

Renal failure (acute or chronic)

Post-renal azotemia is most commonly caused by what?

obstruction in the bladder or urethra

Coprophagy is the medical term for:

eating feces

Dysphagia is the medical term for:

difficulty swallowing

Aerophagia is the medical term for:

swallowing of air

You run a CBC on a dog that is heartworm positive. Which blood cell i commonly elevated in dogs with heartworm disease or other parasitic infections?

Eosinophils

What are some reasons there could be an elevation of Eosinophils on labwork?

• Allergies

• Chronic dermatitis

• Feline Asthma

• Heart worms

• Parasitic infections