Exam 2

What were the Suffolk Resolves and how did British authorities resopond?

The suffolk resolves told colonists to prepare for a possible British attack and organize militias. British authorities responded by ordering colonial weapons to be seized.

How did the Continental congress react to the suffolk resolves

The First Continental Congress approved and endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, supporting Massachusetts’ resistance to the Coercive Acts

How did the colonists respond to the threat of seizing arms?

Colonists hid and stockpiled ammunition while riders such as Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott, and Joseph Dawes warned towns that the British troops were coming

What happened at the Battle of Lexington and Concord? What was the result?

At Lexington and concord, militia fought british troops, the british were eventually forced to retreat toward Boston while the militia fired on them along the way

What happend at the battle of Bunker Hill?

At bunker hill, the militia faught from Breed’s Hill. They stopped the first two British charges, but on the third charge they ran out of ammunition and had to retreat.

Which two men captured fort Ticonderoga in New york?

Ethan Allen and Benediot Arnold captured Fort Ticonderoga.

Where did the Battle of Bunker Hill take place?

The battle commenly called bunker hill actually took place on Breed’s hill beside bunker hill.

What happened at the Battle of Bunker hill?

The british attacked three times, the militia held them off twice, then ran out of ammunition during the third attack and retreated

Which side “won” the battle of bunker hill

The british considered it a victory because the americans retreated. The americans also claimed victory because they inflicted heavier British casualties.

How did the win at Bunker hill affect the militia? why did this worry George Washington?

The battle gave the militia confidence that they could stand against British regulars, but Washington worried that militias lacked the discipline, training, and organization needed for a long war.

Why did Washington want a Continental Army?

He wanted a unified, trained, disciplined standing army instead of depending mainly on temporary state militias

What role did Native Americans and African Americans have in the Army?

African Americans, both free and enslaved, served in the Continental Army, while others fought for the British. Some Native Americans also served with the Americans, including Oneida warriors, although many Native nations sided with Britain.

Did the British and American Continental Army honor their promises of Emancipation?

Not consistently. The British offered freedom to some enslaved people who escaped Patriot enslavers and joined them, while some American units also promised freedom for military service. Some people gained freedom, but these promises were not universal and were not always fulfilled.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and why does it seem “plagiarized”?

Thomas Jefferson wrote the main draft. It can seem similar to earlier writings because Jefferson drew from existing documents and Enlightenment ideas, especially John Locke’s ideas about natural rights and government by consent. Jefferson himself said he was not trying to create completely original principles.

What does the Paradox of Freedom mean?

It refers to the contradiction that Americans fought for liberty and equality while slavery still existed and many people remained enslaved.

What happened to New York during 1776?

The British invaded Staten Island and moved through the New York area, defeating American forces and trying to isolate New England from the other colonies.

What was the fate of Nathan Hale? Why?

Nathan Hale was captured while spying for the Americans and hanged by the British after making mistakes that exposed him.

How did Washington utilize the Culper spy ring during the Revolution?

He used it as an organized intelligence network that communicated in code and reported information about British movements and plans.

What happened when “Washington Crossed the Delaware”?

Washington crossed the Delaware and attacked the Hessians at Trenton, giving the Americans an important victory and improving troop morale.

What happened after the Battle of Saratoga?

After Saratoga, General John Burgoyne was captured by the Americans. That victory gave France greater confidence in the American cause, and France became an American ally.

Why were the French important to the American campaign?

The French mattered because they joined the Americans, sent soldiers, and later provided naval help at Yorktown.

Why did the British decide to shift the campaigns South?

The British moved the war south because they believed the South had many Loyalists who would support them.

How did the Haitians play a role at Savannah and Charleston? Why is the Hautian participation during the American Revolution historically important?

Haitian soldiers from Saint-Domingue fought with French and American forces at Savannah, while the Charleston fighting was mainly carried out by American forces against the British; their participation was important because veterans of the war later influenced revolutionary ideas in Haiti.

According to the transcript, France sent 150 Haitian soldiers to help the Americans at Savannah. After returning home, they helped begin a revolutionary movement in Haiti.

Who is considered the greatest American traitor? What was his fate?

Benedict Arnold is identified as the most famous American traitor. He planned to surrender West Point to the British, escaped, later made it to Canada, and spent the rest of his life afraid that Washington might send an assassin after him.

What happened at the Battle of Yorktown.

At Yorktown, American and French forces closed in on the British while the French navy helped trap them. Britain then chose to evacuate the American colonies and focus on defending its Caribbean islands.

Where did the British continue to fight after Yorktown

After Yorktown, the British continued fighting in the Caribbean Islands to protect their sugar plantations.

Why were the Articles of Confederation weak?

They had a weak national government, no president, no national court system, and no power to tax.

Why was it hard to raise and maintain an army under the Articles of Confederation?

Congress had no tax money to pay or maintain soldiers.

Why did Spanish merchants and Americans want full access to the Mississippi River?

They wanted it for trade and business that would benefit both countries.

Why did the Spanish government not want Americans to use the Mississippi River?

Spain did not want America to become a strong economic competitor.

What was the Jay-Gardoqui Treaty and why was the treaty rejected?

It gave Spain control of the Mississippi River for 25 years in exchange for opening some Spanish ports; Congress rejected it because it was a terrible deal.

Under the Articles of Confederation, what problems did the United States have with foreign trade?

Congress could not regulate foreign trade, so different states made different trade policies and taxes.

Under the Articles of Confederation, what was the problem with national money?

States printed their own money, causing inflation and confusion.

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1785 specify?

The government could survey, divide, and sell western land.

How was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 more specific?

It established how territories could become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Why was James Madison considered the Father of the Constitution?

He recorded the debates and pushed for replacing the weak Articles with a stronger Constitution.

What changes did he want to the new Constitution?

A strong national government under federalism.

What is federalism and how does it relate to the United States government?

Shared power between the national and state governments, with the national government stronger in certain areas.

What did the Virginia Plan argue for?

Three branches and a bicameral Congress, with representation based on population.

What did the New Jersey Plan propose?

A unicameral Congress, one vote per state, three branches, and a plural executive.

What was the Great Compromise?

One president, checks and balances, House based on population, and two senators per state.

What was the 3/5 Compromise?

In slave states, 3 out of every 5 enslaved people were counted for representation.

What is the purpose of the Electoral College and how does it work?

It was designed to give different parts of the country a voice and act as a buffer in electing the president; states choose electors who cast the votes.

When does the word slavery appear in the Constitution?

According to her transcript, with the 13th Amendment.

Who did ratification divide the new nation?

Federalists and Anti-Federalists.

What did the Anti-Federalists demand in order for the Constitution to be ratified?

A Bill of Rights protecting individual freedoms.

Who was Secretary of State in George Washington’s Cabinet?

Thomas Jefferson.

Who was Secretary of the Treasury?

Alexander Hamilton.

Why are these two men important to the formation of the United States?

Their different ideas about government still influence the United States today.

Why did Alexander Hamilton write the Report on Public Credit?

To create a plan to get the country out of debt and stabilize its finances.

How did the Report try to solve national debt?

The federal government would assume state debts, redeem bonds, create a sinking fund, and collect whiskey taxes.

What was the purpose of the Coinage Act of 1792?

It gave the Treasury Department the power to coin national money.

How did the National Bank operate?

It regulated state banks, money, interest rates, and government/private loans.

What was the Constitutional argument for the National Bank?

Hamilton used the Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8).

What does “Living Constitution” mean?

The Constitution’s meaning can adapt over time as society and the country change.

What was Thomas Jefferson’s argument against the National Bank?

The Constitution did not specifically authorize a national bank, so it should not exist.

Why did the United States stop supporting France during the French Revolution?

The revolution became violent and radical, with executions and religious persecution.

How did Jefferson and Hamilton view the French Revolution?

Jefferson supported France; Hamilton opposed continued U.S. support.

Who resigned after the United States withdrew support for the French Revolution?

Thomas Jefferson.

What was the first party system?

The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

What type of people made up both parties?

Federalists were mainly merchants and bankers; Democratic-Republicans were mainly farmers and immigrants.

What was the purpose of Jay Treaty?

To establish peaceful trade relations with Great Britain.

What were the terms of Jay Treaty?

Britain would leave its western forts, and the U.S. would favor trade with Britain.

How did President Adams handle the country’s problems with France?

He kept the U.S. officially neutral but fought an undeclared naval “Quasi-War” with France.

What was the result of the Direct Tax of 1798?

It caused tax revolts, including Fries’s Rebellion.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and why did they hurt the Federalist Party?

They restricted immigrants and criticism of the government, making the Federalists look unconstitutional.

Why was the Election of 1800 considered a political revolution?

Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans defeated the Federalists and took power.

What did Thomas Jefferson accomplish during his first term?

He cut taxes and government spending, reduced the Army and Navy, and completed the Louisiana Purchase.

How was the Louisiana Purchase obtained? Was it constitutional?

Napoleon sold the territory to the U.S. for $15 million; according to the transcript, the way it was purchased was technically unconstitutional.

What was the Embargo Act of 1807 and why did it hurt Jefferson’s second term?

It stopped American ships from trading overseas, severely damaging the American economy.

What were the Weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

No executive branch, Congress could not tax, could not raise, maintain, or deploy an army, no Federal court system, no treasury, common money, and Congress could not coin or print money.

Name the three branches of Government and their roles?

-Legislative Congress: Makes laws

-Exeotutive- President: Carries out, enforces laws

-Judicial- courts: decides if laws are constitutional (they also use checks and balances so one branch does not get too powerful.

T/F: The Virginia Plan favored the larger states.

T

T/F: In the Virginia Plan, the population of each state determined its representation in Congress.

T

T/F: The New Jersey Plan called for two houses of government: House of Representatives and the Senate.

F

T/F: The Great Compromise confirmed that Congress would have a House of Representatives and a Senate, and representation of states would be assigned according to the state’s population.

T

T/F: The Federalists would not ratify the Constitution unless there was a Bill or Rights.

F

Describe the Electoral College and its purpose?

Each State holds an election. People in the State vote, and whichever candidate wins in the state determines how the electors vote. Its purpose was to reduce “mass rule,'“give states representation, and let states handle the election process.

How did the War of 1812 change the American economy and industry?

It pushed the U.S. toward industrialization, more manufacturing, growth of cotton and slavery, and the return of a national bank.

By 1819, why had more Americans settled in Florida than Spaniards?

American small farmers moved to Florida for land to grow cotton, while few Spaniards lived there.

Why were the Seminole Indians causing problems for Americans?

They attacked American settlers and accepted runaway enslaved people into their tribes.

How did Andrew Jackson handle the presence of Spain in Florida? How did he handle the Seminole Indians?

He attacked Fort St. Marks and fought the Seminole Indians, even though he was told not to start a war with Spain.

What was the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819 / Adams-Onís Treaty?

Spain gave Florida to the United States, and both countries agreed on a boundary between U.S. and Spanish territory.

Explain the Missouri Compromise.

Missouri entered as a slave state, Maine entered as a free state, and slavery was banned above the 36°30′ line.

What part of the nation supported tariffs? Why?

New England supported tariffs because tariffs helped protect American factories from cheaper British goods.

What was the American System? Who was the author?

Henry Clay created the American System, which used tariff money to improve roads, bridges, canals, and railroads.

How did the Campaign of 1828 change the culture of politics in the nation?

It created the modern campaign, with more personal attacks, scandals, and direct appeals to ordinary voters.

What political parties made up the second-party system? What parties did the candidates of 1828 represent?

The parties became the Democratic Party and the Whig Party; Andrew Jackson represented the Democrats, and John Quincy Adams represented the group that became the Whigs.

Who attended Andrew Jackson’s Inaugural Ball? How well did it go?

Jackson invited the public, and the crowd became rowdy, damaged the White House, stole items, drank, and fought.

No executive branch

Articles of Confederation

Part of the Great Compromise. Representation in the House of Representatives is based on population, while each state receives two senators regardless of state size.

Constitution

A plural executive

New Jersey Plan

A unicameral Congress.

Articles of Confederation, New Jersey Plan

Freedom of Speech and press.

Bill of Rights, Constitution

Anti-Federalists refused to sign unless individual liberties were protected

Constitution

James Madison wanted the number of state representatives in the House of Representatives and Senate to be based upon state population.

Virginia Plan

Two chambers in the Legislative branch: House of Representatives and Senate.

Constitution, Virginia Plan

Government was powerless to finance, maintain, and deploy an army.

Articles of Confederation

Northwest Ordinances provided a pathway for new states to enter the Union.

Articles of Confederation

Checks and Balances

Constitution