cardiovascular system combined

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat throughout the body;

remove carbon dioxide and wastes; regulate body temperature;

help maintain fluid balance (electrolyte and pH balance); protect against infection.

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

What is the function of the right atrium?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

What is the function of the right ventricle?

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

What is the function of the left atrium?

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

What is the function of heart valves?

Prevent backflow of blood and ensure one-way blood movement

Triscupid valve - from RV to RA

Biscupid valve - from LV to LA

Aortic - aorta to LV

What are the layers of the heart?

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium

What is the endocardium?

The thick muscular layer responsible for heart contractions.

What is the epicardium?

The outer layer of the heart wall.

What is the myocardium?

The thick muscular layer responsible for heart contractions. And is responsible for pumping blood.

What is the pericardium?

The protective sac that surrounds the heart.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Blood flow between the heart and lungs for gas exchange. Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

What is systemic circulation?

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body. Delivers oxygenated blood to the body tissues

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?

Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body

What vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What vessels carry blood toward the heart?

Veins

What vessels allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes?

Capillaries.

What structural feature helps veins return blood to the heart?

Valves.

Why are capillary walls thin?

To allow efficient diffusion of substances.

Which blood vessels have the highest blood pressure?

Arteries

Which blood vessels contain valves?

Veins.

What is systole?

The contraction phase of the heart when blood is pumped out.

What is diastole?

The relaxation phase of the heart when chambers fill with blood.

What is blood pressure?

The force of blood pushing against artery walls.

Holter Monitor Test

24 hour ECG tracing taken with a small, portable recording system.

ECHO (Echocardiogram)

Ultrasound test used to visualize internal cardiac structures.

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

Blood test that measures the time it takes for a blood clot to form.

Nitrates

Medications used to treat angina.

Statins

Drugs that have lipid-lowering properties.

Diuretics

Medications that increase urine output.

Troponin

Blood test that measures protein released by damaged heart muscle.

Doppler

Ultrasound procedure that assesses blood flow direction and speed through blood vessels.

Stress Test

ECG taken under controlled exercise conditions.

Defibrillation

Emergency treatment used to restart the heart.

Cardioversion

Defibrillation technique that restores a normal heart rhythm.

ECG (Electrocardiogram)

Records the electrical activity of the heart.

ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator)

Device implanted in the chest to correct potentially fatal arrhythmias.

Stent Placement

Insertion of a device that holds open a blood vessel or other tubular structure.

Anticoagulants

Medications that prevent the formation of blood clots.

Sclerotherapy

Treatment of varicose veins using a chemical irritant.

CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft)

Surgery that creates a bypass around a blocked coronary artery.

Endarterectomy

Surgical removal of plaque or occluding material from an artery.

PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty)

Abbreviation for a type of coronary angioplasty.

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

Measures the level of low

Infarction

Area of tissue that undergoes necrosis (tissue death).

Angina

Chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the myocardium (heart muscle).

Regurgitation

Failure of a valve to close completely.

Tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heart rate.

Syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness (fainting) due to reduced blood flow to the brain.

Bruit

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation.

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Heart failure causing blood to back up into the lungs or other body tissues.

Palpitation

Sensation of an irregular or abnormal heartbeat.

Fibrillation

Rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the heart muscle.

Aneurysm

Localized abnormal dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel.

Embolism

Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other material.

Arrhythmia

Inability of the heart to maintain a normal rhythm.

Regurgitation

Backflow of blood due to valve failure.

Diaphoresis

Profuse sweating

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the walls of an artery

Hypertension

Persistently elevated blood pressure.

Hyperlipidemia

Excessive amounts of lipids (fats) in the blood.

Coarctation

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta.

Hyperlipidemia

High cholesterol.

Heart Block

Interference with the normal conduction of electrical impulses in the heart.

angi/o

Vessel (blood or lymph)

aort/o

Aorta

arterio/o

Artery

ather/o

Fatty plaque

atrio/o

Atrium

cardi/o, coron/o

Heart

electr/o

Electricity

hemangi/o

Blood vessel

my/o

Muscle

phleb/o

Vein

sphygm/o

Pulse

sten/o

Narrowing

thromb/o

Blood clot

vascul/o

Vessel

valv/o

Valve

vas/o

Vessel

brady

slow

tachy

fast

-cardia

heart condition

-ole

small

-sclerosis

hardening

-stenosis

narrowing

-tension

pressure within a vessel

arteries

Transport blood away from the heart

veins

Transport blood towards the heart

capillaries

vessels that allow for exchange of nutrients

mycardium

Heart muscle

atria

the upper chambers of the heart

ventricles

the lower chambers of the heart

diastolic pressure

relaxed phase of the heartbeat

systolic pressure

contraction phase of the heartbeat

sphygomomanometer

manometer - pressure measurement device, Sphygmo - pulse

aneurysm

weakening of an arterial wall causing distension or bulging

arrhythmia

irregular heartbeat - also called dysrhythmia

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries