chapter 2 free at last 1865-1877

What was the emancipation proclamation and why was it passed?

The emancipation proclamation as Lincoln has stated was a wartime measure which ensured that enslaved people in Confederate states conquered by union forces in the future would be free as an act of justice warrant by the constitution upon military necessity it was past in January 1863

1. What is the historical background of the 13th amendment?

1. President Lincoln stood for re-elections and he insistent on the 13th amendment which was something that was unpopular with white voters

2. supporters of 13 amendment ,such as the National convention of colour men sustain the pressure

3. 13 amendment was passed by the Senate in April 1864

4. And finally, Lincoln’s administration had to work very hard so that they House of Representatives would accept the 13 amendment which they eventually did on the 31st of January 1865

What was the impact of the 13 amendment and why is that connected with the statement of Freiderikh Douglas?

As Freiderikh also stated the end of slavery was only the beginning and not the end since African-Americans were still bounded by social economic restrictions such as sharecropping the fact that they did not have their own land the fact that they were 90% of them were late and also the fact that Even former slave owner stated how they’re happier with evolution of slavery and they did not have to pay medical pills and take care of their slaves

When was the 13th amendment passed?

Passed by the senate in 1864

Later by the House of Representatives in 31st of January 1865

When was the freeman’s bureau passed?

In March 1865 Congress established The Freemans bureau

What was the Freedmen’s bureau for? what were some criticisms

It was passed by the Congress and it was designed to help formally enslaved people through the provision of food clothes fuel and medical care. It also gave assistance to poor white southerners . Congress pass and act re-authorising the Friedmans brew in spring 1866.

Some people attacked the initiative claiming how it was a corrupted inefficient Republican tool that encouraged a dependency cultural

What were the social tensions of 1865-66 in the south?

Many people refused to accept AA as their equals

The south was destroyed economically and socially

Serious where race riots in Memphis Tennessee in New Orleans and Louisiana

Black veterans fight with white police which encourage the formation of white mobs which caused the death of at least 40 black males

Moreover Texas courts indicated 500 white men for the murder of black Americans during 1865 to 1866 but not one of them was convicted

Why was there need for political settlement after the 13 amendment?

Radical Republicans didn’t want the establishment of former white elites and wanted African-Americans to have the vote

However on the other hand other unionist such as South Carolina ratified the amendment in November 1865 and declared that any attempt by Congress towards legislating upon the political status of former slaves will be contrary to the constitution of the United States

1. What was President’s Andrew Johnson‘s response About the social difficulties in the south and the need for political sentiment?

The Republicans had been impressed by the former nervous consistently tough word time stance in the future leading confederation for example in 1864 Johnston had said traders must be punished and imprisonment

However, President Johnson began his Presidential reconstruction outlining his Democratic views:

1. He believed the loyalty of white southern needed to be restored in the south

2. Federal intervention in the political economic social systems of individual states was against state rights

3. Black Americans were not the equals of white Americans and they should not be given the vote

4. Conciliatory policies towards the south was the best way to ensure his own election in 1868

What were the main points of President Johnson‘s presidential Reconstruction?

Why was the 13 amendment passed?

they are various reasons as to why the 13th amendment was passed:

1. Firstly, it was a moral issue for some Americans

2. events such as the Civil War made sure that there was no turning back in time

3. Many enslaved people run away from their owners, which made it much difficult for slavery to be back

4. During the time the feeling among the Republic of party was that Slavery would potentially lead to future conflict if it continues

5. Lastly, Lincoln was worried about the constitutional status of slavery and he believed that an official amendment that ended slavery was needed in comparison to the emancipation proclamation which was only a wartime measure

What were some weaknesses about President Johnson’s political reconstruction?

What was the civil right act of 1866?

All people born in the United States automatically acquired citizenship (except native Americans) and recognition was given to the federal governments right to intervene in state affairs to protect citizens rights

When was the 14 amendment passed and what did it include?

The republican controlled Congress attempted to reinforce the 1866 civil rights by incorporating its provisions within the 14th amendment act

Which included:

Strike down the black codes and guarantee all citizens equality before the law

Confirm that the federal government can intervene if a state tried to deny citizenship Right to any Citizen

banned most of the old confederate Elite from holding office

was passed in 1866 and proclaimed as law in 13th June 1868

What were the reactions after the proclamation of the Fourteen amendment and how is that connected with the start of the military construction act?

The passage of a constitutional amendment required the approval of 75% of the states but not surprisingly all the old Confederate states apart from Tennessee rejected the fourteen amendment northerns were now totally exasperated by the south because the rejection of the fourteen measurements seem to confirm that the southern states would not recognise that they have been defeated. Northern public opinion was alienated with white groups attacking black people during race riots and Secret organisations such as the KKK had been set up as result Congress decided it had to force its own version of reconstruction on the south this began with the military reconstruction act.

What was the military reconstruction act and When did it start?

The Congress passed the act in 1867 over President Johnson’s veto

When was President Grant elected into office and bought policies followed?

President was elected to office in 1968. He won an hour victory that owned March to southern black voters grand supported Rago reconstruction and after his election 15 amendment was passed which aim to ensure that black voters could vote,, after the The 14th amendment was passed in 1868 and 15th in 1970 southern states were we admitted to the union?

What were some limitations of the 15th amendment?

The 15th amendment failed to guarantee a woman’s right to vote and forbid states to introduce literacy property teen educational test for would be voters

What was the significance of the presence of blood representatives in federal state legislators after the 15 amendment?

Firstly over 700,000 black males were registered to voting the south compared to 600,000 eligible white people at the same time between the historical period of 1869 and 1877 16 Black congressman and two black senators were elected to the US Congress over 700 black men served in state legislators and over 1000 black Americans were elected into local post

Why did black people failed to improve their civil rights even after the 15 amendment?

The proportion of black official was far short for the proportion of black voters at the same time sent to Charles Caldwell one of the two black US senator from Mississippi was shot by white people

At the same time they lacked education they were a costumed to wide leadership and domination. They were a minority. they were divisions within the black community most black officials were moderates and the Republican party promoted mainly white candidates to ensure

What was the civil rights act of 1875?

the act aimed to prevent discrimination in public places such as railroads hotels and theatres although not school cemetery and churches, however it was ruled unconstitutional in 1883

What was the backlash from white people?

All though slavery has been abolished southerners continued to believe in the arguments that had justified frightened and resentful of the inferior black race whiteness claimed the black people were immature irrational and open to corruption. This is evidence with the emergence of the KKK was a secret established organisation created by general Bedford Forest aiming to straight white supremacy with over half 1 million membership in the south

What were the enforcement acts and why were they needed?

In the years 1865 to 77, AA in the south where unlawfully killed by White mobs as result between 1870 to 71 Congress responded to appeals for help from several state governors by the passage of three enforcement acts

These act protected the right of black Americans to vote hot office surf injuries and receive production under the law

The third of these acts, also known as the KKK act gave President grant the legal and military power to crash the clan and ended most of the clan violence

When was the white league created and what massacre occur?

Ex confederate soldiers continued to use violence and intimidation against Republicans and black Americans and other white supremacist groups sprung up among these where the white leagues the first white league was set up in Louisiana after a distributed election in 1873 led to the establishment of a black Militia that hold the town of colfax for a Fortnite over 100 black Americans were killed in the Colfax massacre .In 1874 the wide league then assassinated several Republican officials and white leagues began to establish in other southern cities

How did the restoration of democratic controlling the south end of reconstruction in 1877 occur?

Even though military construction brought some gains for black people, including political experience freedom of movement the confidence and opportunity to build a benefit from their own situations The Republican Party began to lose interest in African-Americans

Reconstruction came to ending late 1870s because of the amnesty act in 1872 which returned voting and office holding rights to 150,000 ex confederates By President Grant

Northern had increasingly lost interest in the south black problem as evidence by the collapse of the Freedmen’s bureau in 1872

From 1873 the United States suffered severe economic depression voters blamed the Republicans and as a result the Democrats gained control of the US Congress

Consequently, it was clearly the Republican Party in the north where uninterested in the south and willing to allow the restoration of white political supremacy following president Hayes withdrawal of all federal troops from the south