Anatomy 4

Joints – The structures that hold bones together and allow movement produced by the muscles

​Articulation – Joint (abbreviation: Art.)

​Ligamentum – Ligament (abbreviation: Lig.)

​Fibrous (immovable) joints – Joints where the bone surfaces are in direct contact and have no capacity for movement

​The joints between the bones of the skull – Examples of fibrous (immovable) joints

​Cartilaginous (slightly movable) joints – Joints where the bones forming the joint are united by cartilage and have a limited range of movement

​The joints between the vertebrae – Examples of cartilaginous (slightly movable) joints

​Symphysis pubis – An example of a cartilaginous (slightly movable) joint

Between the ribs (costae) and the sternum – Examples of cartilaginous (slightly movable) joints

​Synovial (freely movable) joints – Joints representing most of the joints of the body and possessing distinct structures

​Joint cavity – A structure of synovial joints that is under negative pressure and contains synovia

​Articular cartilage – A structure of synovial joints of hyaline cartilage structure

​Joint capsule – The structure enclosing the articular surfaces and the cavity, holding the surfaces together in synovial joints

​Synovial fluid – Also known as synovia, found in synovial joints

​Transverse (mediolateral) axis – An axis of movement that is perpendicular to the plane of movement

​Transverse (mediolateral) axis movement – Flexion and extension

Transverse (mediolateral) axis plane – Sagittal plane

​Sagittal (anteroposterior) axis – An axis of movement that is perpendicular to the plane of movement

​Sagittal (anteroposterior) axis movement – Abduction and adduction

​Sagittal (anteroposterior) axis plane – Frontal (coronal) plane

​Longitudinal (vertical) axis – An axis of movement that is perpendicular to the plane of movement

​Longitudinal (vertical) axis movement – Internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation

​Longitudinal (vertical) axis plane – Transverse plane

​Ginglymus – Hinge joints (art. trochlearis)

​Ginglymus joint surface – The articular surfaces resemble a pulley

​Ginglymus movement – They permit flexion and extension

Art. humeroulnaris – An example of a ginglymus joint formed by the humerus and ulna

​Art. talocruralis – An example of a ginglymus joint formed by the talus, tibia, and fibula

​The joints between the phalanges of the fingers and toes – Examples of ginglymus joints

​Trochoid – Pivot joints (art. trochoidea)

​Trochoid joint surface – The articular surfaces and the ligaments together form a cylindrical, ring

shaped articular surface

​Trochoid movement – They permit rotation

​Art. radioulnaris proximalis and distalis – Examples of trochoid joints

​Art. atlantoaxialis mediana – A trochoid joint located between the atlas and the axis

​Sellar – Saddle joints (art. sellaris)

​Sellar joint surface – The articular surfaces are saddle

shaped

Sellar movement – They permit flexion

extension and abduction

​Circumduction – A movement produced by the combination of flexion

extension and abduction

​Art. sternoclavicularis – A sellar joint formed by the sternum and clavicula

​Art. carpometacarpalis pollicis – A sellar joint between the carpal and metacarpal bones on the thumb side

​Condyloid – Ellipsoid joints (art. ellipsoidea/condylaris)

​Condyloid joint surface – A condyle

shaped projection sits within an oval fossa

​Condyloid movement – They permit flexion

extension and abduction

​The wrist joint – An example of a condyloid joint

Art. atlantooccipitalis – A condyloid joint formed by the atlas and occipital bone

​Art. metacarpophalangea – A condyloid joint formed by the metacarpal bones and phalanges

​Art. metatarsophalangea – A condyloid joint formed by the metatarsal bones and phalanges

​Plane joints (art. plana)

​Plane joint surface – The articular surfaces are flat

​Plane joint axis – They have no definite axis

​Plane joint movement – They permit gliding movements only

​The joints between the vertebrae – Examples of plane joints

​Spheroid joints (art. spheroidea)

​Spheroid joint surface – A spherical articular head fits into a corresponding socket (ball and socket)

Spheroid movement – They permit movement about all axes

​Art. humeri – The shoulder joint, which is a spheroid joint

​Art. coxae – The hip joint, which is a spheroid joint

​Art. humeroradialis – A spheroid joint formed by the humerus and radius