anatomy midterm 1

dorsal cavity houses

brain, spinal cord, brainstem

ventral body cavity includes

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what separates the ventral body cavities?

the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what separates the abdominal and pelvic cavity?

nothing, they are just different cavities

what are the top 3 regions of the abdominal cavity from left to right

left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac

middle 3 regions of abdominal cavity from left to right

left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar

bottom 3 regions of abdominal cavity from left to right

left inguinal, hypogastric, right inguinal

left hypochondriac region consists of

spleen and stomach

right hypochondriac region consists of

liver and gallbladder

right inguinal region consists of

appendix

hypogastric region consists of

urinary bladder

what are qualities of serous membranes?

doubled-layered

lines body cavities

reduces friction, protect tissues, allow for organ movement

what are the two layers of serous membranes

parietal + visceral

parietal layer of serous membranes include

outer, permanent layer lining cavity wall (P for permanent)

visceral layer of serous membranes

inner layer directly touching/wrapping organ

in between the two layers, what is inside?

serous space and fluid

• cushions and lubricates

what are the 3 types of serous membranes

heart: pericardial (parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium)

lungs: pleural (parietal pleura, visceral pleura)

abdominopelvic: peritoneal (parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum)

mesentaries are double folds of serous membranes connecting…

abdominal organs to each other & body wall

slasher-film tropes are anatomically inaccurate because

mesentaries anchor the organs securely to the body wall

what are the diff types of microscopic anatomy

light microscopy

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

light microscopy

uses thin tissue slices w/ light to view cell structures

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

sends electron beam thru structure to view internal details

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

scatters electrons across surface to provide 3D surface view

what are some medical imaging technologies

x-rays

ct scans

pet scans

angiograms

sonographs

mris

x-ray

radiation beam passes thru soft tissue to bounch off bone, rendering bones

ct scans

takes rapid slice imgs of body w/o physical cutting

pet scans

patient ingests radioactive glucose dye, making active tissues using high nutrients to light up

angiograms

uses contrast dye to image blood vessels/detect blockages

sonographs

uses soundwaves to visualize soft tissue + organs

mris

magnetic resonance imaging to provide specific details on soft tissue + structures

how many bones in the human body

206

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

80

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

126

what movements does clavicle and scapula allow

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

what is the thumb (digit 1) also referred to as?

pollex

what movement does the radioulnar joint allow for?

pronation and supination

during pronation and supination, the ulna is … and the radius …

ulna is stationary

radius crosses over the ulna

humeroulnar joint is a … joint

hinge joint

the humeroulnar joint allows for …

flexion and extension

all phalanges are classified as

long bones

long bones possess

head, base, shaft

joints can be classified in two ways

functionally (range of motion), structurally (histology/made of)

what are the functional classifications of range of motionn

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis

immovable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

diarthrosis

freely movable joint (most upper limb joints fall into diarthrosis)

what are the structural classifications of joints

fibrous cartilaginous and synovial

fibrous joiints are connected by…

dense fibrous connective tissue

• typically dont move, like skull sutures (synarthrotic) or interosseous membranes (amphiarthrotic)

cartilaginous joints are connected by

cartilage or fibrocartilage

• typically include synarthrotic/amphiarthrotic joints like pubic symphysis or epiphyseal plates in growing long bones

• rib joints (like costal cartilage)

epiphyseal plates within long bone are typically classified under

synarthrotic cartilaginous joints that ossiify over time

synovial joints

complex, highly movable joints enclosed in a joint capsule

what are the most common structural classification of joints?

diarthrotic synovial joints

synovial joints are diarthroses with special components including…

articular capsules

synovial membranes

articular (hyaline) cartilage

accessory structures

articular capsule of synovial joints are

outer fibrous capsule surrounding the joint

synovial membranes are

inner lining that secretes synovial fluid (reducing friction and nourishing chondrocytes)

articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the…

bony ends within the joint cavity

accessory structures of synovial joints include…

bursae

sesamoid bones

articular discs/minisci

bursae are

fluid-filled sacs protecting tendons

sesamoid bones are

like the patella

articular discs/menisci include

fibrocartilage pads for cushioning/conforming shape

what are the structural types of synovial joints?

gliding (sternoclavicular)

hinge (humeroulnar)

pivot (antaxial joint btwn atlas and axis)

condylar

saddle (metacarpal joint)

ball-and-socket (glenohumeral)

gliding joint

flat surfaces sliding past each other

• sternoclavicular

hinge joints

movement in one plane/axis

• humeroulnar

pivot joints

rotation around central axis

• atlas + axis

• proximal radioulnar joint

condylar joints

oval articular surface in shallow depression

movement in 2 axes

saddle joints

resembles a saddle; multi-axis movement

• metacarpal joint

ball-and-socket joint

multiaxial movement in all three planes

• glenohumeral

what joint is the only bony attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

sternoclavicular joint

the sternoclavicular joint is built for … over …

flexibility over stability

glenoid labrum is

a fibrocartilage rim that deepens the shallow glenoid cavity

how is stabilization of the glenohumeral joint done

four rotator cuff muscles

what are tendons associated w/ the glenohumeral joint

long head of biceps brachii runs thru the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

what makes cervical vertebrae unique?

contains transverse foramen in each transverse process

atlas says … and axis says …

atlas says yes

axis says no

diff btwn atlas and axis?

atlas has bigger vertebral foramen

axis has dens/an odontoid process

what makes toracic vertebra unique?

contains costal demifacets on the body and transverse costal facets on transverse processes for rib articulation

what makes lumbar vertebrae unique?

large bodies w/ no transverse foramina and no costal facets

what cervical vertebra helps keep te head and neck upright

C6

the sacrum articulates … with L5 and … with the hip bones

superiorly with L5 and laterally with the hip bones

the anterior/posterior sacral foramina are tiny openings for

sacral spinal nerves

the median sacral crest is formed by the fusion of … while lateral crests represented fused …

median sacral crest formed by spinous processes, lateral crests represent fused transverse processes

what does the coccyx do

attachment point for connective tissue anchoring spinal cord to vertebral canal

vertebrae start as cartilaginous model and develop into 3 primary ossification sites which are:

vertebral body, two transverse processes

spina bifida is when

neural arches fail to fuse properly during embryonic development

• linked to insufficient amnt of folic acid/folate from mother

intervertebral discs are embryonic remnants that are sandwiched between…

vertebral bodies

intervertebral discs include

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

annulus fibrosus

outer ring of fibrocartilage acting like a belt

nucleus pulposus

inner core absorbing heavy compressive forces from gravity/movement

when do bulging/herniated discs occur

when nucleus pulposus pushes/tears through annulus fibrosus

• when inner ring tears through outer ring

herniated discs, unlike bone fractures, involves a

cartilage tear that puts compressive pressure on spinal cord/nerves

• results in localized pain/numbness/tingling down lower limbs

which ribs are true ribs

ribs 1-7

which ribs are false ribs

8-12

ribs 11 and 12 (which are false) are also called

floating ribs

• they lack any anterior sternal connection

rib 1’s attachment to the sternum is a

synarthrotic, cartilaginous joint

ribs 2-7 with the sternum are

synovial, diarthrotic gliding joints

rib 1 and ribs 2-7 are different in the way that

1 is synarthrotic + cartilaginous

the tubercle of the rib articulates with the

transverse costal facet of the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

the costotransverse joint always articulates …

with the inferior vertebra

costovertebral joints are formed between the

head of the rib and the vertebral body

so if rib 6 connects to bodies t5 and t6, then its costrotransverse joint will articulate with only…

the transverse process of t6 (inferior vertebra)