HD 1130 Prelim #2

Average Growth Rate in Early Childhood

Average growth is 2.5 inches and 5 to 10 pounds per year

Which gender is slightly larger/ has faster growth rates, during early childhood?

Boys

The two most important contributors to height differences

Nutrition and Ethnicity

Growth hormone Deficiency

absence of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow.

The brain reaches ---percent of adult volume by --- years

95; 6

Myelination

nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells

External factors that affect brain development

poverty and parenting quality

Children's brains undergo rapid, distinct spurts of growth, especially in what part of the brain?

Frontal Lobes

Recommended sleep for children in early childhood

10 to 13 hours each night

Common nutritional problem

Iron deficiency anemia

The leading causes of death in young children were

Accidents , Congenital malformations, Malignant neoplasms, Homicide

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

Children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.

Preoperational stage

Piaget's second stage, from about 2 to 7 years of age

Symbolic function substage:

the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

Egocentrism

the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's

Animism

the belief that in animate objects have life like qualities and are capable of action

Intuitive thought substage

children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to many questions

Symbolic function substage is between what ages?

2-4 yrs

Intuitive thought substage is between what ages?

4-7 yrs

Centration

a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Conservation

the awareness that altering an object or substance's appearance does not change its basic properties

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

the range of tasks too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

In Vygotsky's Theory Children think and understand primarily through:

Social Interaction

According to Vygotsky's Theory language and thought is:

Children use speech to communicate socially, solve tasks, and to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior

Private speech

refers to this use of language for self-regulation

According to Vygotsky's Theory speech plays a ----- role in development

Positive

Vygotsky takes a -------- , an approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed

Social Constructivist Approach

Social Constructivist Approach

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed

Attention

The ability to focus mental resources on select information improves significantly in the preschool years

Sustained attention

is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

Short-term memory

individuals can retain information up to 30 seconds with no rehearsal

Does short term memory increase during childhood

Yes

Autobiographical memory

involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life

Executive function

consists of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex

Theory of mind

awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others

From 18 months to 3 years, children begin to understand three mental states:

Perceptions, Emotions, Desires

Children begin to understand false believes at what age:

3-5

False beliefs

Not everybody has the same beliefs or ideas and sometime their beliefs or ideas are not true

Individual differences and factors that influence theory of mind:

Executive function and prefrontal cortex functioning — Cognitive abilities involved in controlling attention, inhibiting responses, and managing thoughts.

Language development — Language skills help children understand and communicate about thoughts, beliefs, and emotions.

Socioeconomic status (SES) — Differences in socioeconomic circumstances are associated with differences in theory-of-mind development.

Autism — Children with autism may have difficulty developing theory of mind.

Children with autism have difficulty developing

Theory of Mind

During the preschool years, most children become

Sensitive to the sounds of spoken words

Between 18 months to 6 years learning a new word every waking

Hour

Children know about ----- words by 1st grade

14,000

Fast mapping

a process in which young children learn the connection between a word and its referent quickly, only after limited exposure

Six key principles describe young children's vocabulary development:

Words they hear most, words of things and events that interest them, learn better in responsive and interactive contexts, contexts that are meaningful, clear information about word meaning, grammar, and vocab are considered

Early precursors of literacy and academic success include

Language skills, Phonological and syntactic knowledge, Letter identification, Conceptual knowledge of print, conventions and functions

Strategies for using books

Choose books that Initiate conversation and play with language

Child-centered kindergarten

emphasizes education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development

Montessori approach

children are given freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities

Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

focuses on the typical developmental patterns of children and the uniqueness of each child

Generalizing about DAP is challenging because it is --------, and individual programs vary

an evolving concept

Project Head Start

a compensatory program designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for success in school

Erikson's psychosocial stages

Guilt and Initiative

Initiative

children use perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language skills to make things happen

Guilt

shame over failing to complete a task successfully, provoking irritation, or feeling embarrassed over attempting something

Children's self-descriptions tend to be --------- ---------- a self-protective feature—and tend to confuse ability and effort

Unrealistically Positive

The young child's growing awareness of self is linked to feeling an expanding range of ---------

Emotions

During the early childhood years, these emotions become more common

pride and guilt

Emotion regulation plays a key role in:

children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others

Parents can be described as taking an ------------ or ------------- approach to helping children regulate emotions

emotion coaching, dismissing approach

Emotion-coaching

parents monitor their children's emotions (View negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, Assist them in labeling emotions, Coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions)

Emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

Higher emotion regulation is linked to ------- success with peers

greater

frequent expression of anger predicts

lower social competence

Moral development

involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behavior regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Children form the ------- (the moral element of personality)—in part to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment

Super Ego

Piaget suggested two distinct stages in thinking about morality

Autonomous and Heteronomous

Heteronomous morality

from approximately 4 to 7 years of age; justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control ofpeople

Immanent justice

if a rule is broken, punishment will be given out immediately

Autonomous morality

Older children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and that when judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences

In the moral behavior view, the situation also influences

Behavior

Conscience

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior

Gender

the characteristics of people as males and females

Gender identity

the sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the age of 3

Gender role

a cultural set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel

Gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Gender Biological influences

chromosomes, hormones, evolution

Social role theory (gender)

gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

The preschool child develops a sexual attraction to opposite sex parent

Social cognitive theory of gender:

children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation of others' words and actions

Gender schema theory

children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

Schema

is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides perceptions

Gender schema

organizes the world interms of female and male

Authoritarian parenting

a restrictive, punitive style

Authoritative parenting

Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

Neglectful parenting:

the parent is uninvolved in the child's life

Indulgent parenting

parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them

Physical punishment is outlawed in how many countries?

41

Co-parenting

the support that parents provide one another in raising a child

Types of child maltreatment

Physical abuse — Intentionally causing physical harm to a child.

Child neglect — Failing to provide a child's basic needs, such as food, shelter, supervision, or medical care.

Sexual abuse — Involving a child in sexual activity or exploitation.

Emotional abuse — Psychological or verbal mistreatment that harms a child's emotional well-being.

About ------- of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children

one third

In the adult years, individuals who were maltreated as children are more likely to experience:

Physical ailments, mental problems, and sexual problems

Two treatments appear effective in reducing child maltreatment

Home visitation and parent infant psychotherapy

------- is a dimension of most sibling relationships, but so are helping, sharing, teaching, playing, emotional support, and rivalry

Conflict

Three important aspects of sibling relationships

Emotional quality, familiarity, and intimacy, considerable variation

Parenting can be influenced by -----------, ------------- and --------------

culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

Peers

are children of about the same age or maturity level

According to Freud and Erikson, play helps children master

Anxieties and Conflicts

Sensorimotor play

when infants derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes

Practice play

Involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery is required