Bio K103 Chapter 39: Animal Structures and Functions

what are collagen fibers?

tough fibrous proteins that provide strength and resist stress

what are columnar cells?

cells that are tall and narrow

what is a conformer?

an organism that alters its internal environment to conform with the external environment

what are cuboidal cells?

cells that are square or box shaped in appearance

what is an ectotherm?

an organism that relies on external heat to warm the body and stimulate metabolism

what is an elastic fiber?

composed of elastin and returns to original shape when stretched

what is an endotherm?

an organism that generates body heat internally from metabolic reactions

what is homeostasis?

maintaining an internal environment that fluctuates around an ideal condition, such as maintaining body temperature

what is homostasis?

maintaining a constant, nonvarying set of conditions

what is a mucous membrane?

an epithelium with specialized cell that secrete mucous to prevent tissue from drying out

what is negative feedback?

occurs when the response to a stressor is in the opposite direction of the stress

what is positive feedback?

occurs when the response to a stressor is in the direction of the stress

what does pseudostratified mean?

cells appear to be present in multiple layers but they are not

what is a regulator?

an animal that regulates its internal environment independent of the external environment

what are reticular fibers?

thin, branched fibers of collagen and glycoprotein

what is a serous membrane?

secretes fluid into the body cavity it lines

what does stratified mean?

having more than one layer of cells

what are squamous cells?

flat, scale-like cells

what are tissues?

groups of cells that are specialized to work together for a specific function

what are organs?

closely associated tissues that carry out specific functions

what are organ systems?

closely associated organs that carry out specific functions

how many organ systems do humans have?

11

what are some parts of the circulatory system?

blood vessels and heart

what are some parts of the respiratory system?

lungs, blood vessel, blood cells

what are some parts of the digestive system?

stomach, intestine, liver

epithelial cells are ___ ___

tightly packed

describe epithelial cells

tightly packed, continuous sheet, attached to the basement membrane

how does an epithelial surface serve as a barrier?

everything must cross it, regulates exchange between body and environment

what are the functions of epithelial cells?

protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation

how are epithelial cells joined together?

tight junctions, gap junction, desmosomes

describe tight junctions

things can pass around if they are on lipid rafts, highly regulated

describe gap junctions

allow things to be passed between the neighboring cells

describe desmosomes

connections between neighboring cells where the structures go from one cell to the other and "link" those cells together

describe epithelial polarity

cells are asymmetrical, have a distribution of organelles, an electrical charge distribution, and have differences in membranes

how are epithelial cells asymmetrical?

membranes of cell have different proteins or lipids depending on which surface of the cell you are looking at

what is an electrical charge distribution?

an electrochemical gradient present in all of our body's cells, results in a charge difference across the membrane of the cell

what is the circulation of epithelial tissue?

avascular

what does avascular mean?

lacking blood, relies on diffusion from blood supply in underlying tissues (no capillaries, relies on diffusion for nourishment)

what does it epithelium being innervated mean?

nerve endings are present, pain sensation associate with these nerve endings

can epithelial tissue regenerate?

yes

what are the types of epithelium?

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

what are the kinds of epithelial glands?

exocrine and endocrine

what are exocrine glands?

have ducts, release secretions to surface or in body cavity

what are endocrine glands?

ductless, release hormones directly into the surroundings (blood or intestinal fluid)

what type of epithelium is shown?

simple squamous

what type of epithelium is shown?

simple cuboidal

what type of epithelium is shown?

simple columnar

what type of epithelium is shown?

stratified squamous

what type of epithelium is shown?

stratified cuboidal

what type of epithelium is shown?

pseudostratified columnar

what type of epithelium is shown?

transitional

what kind of gland is shown?

exocrine

what kind of gland is shown?

endocrine

what are the kinds of epithelial membranes?

mucous and serous

what are mucous membranes?

lines any cavity open to the outside, lubricates and prevents drying

what are some examples of places mucous membranes are found?

digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts

what are serous membranes?

lines internal body cavity, secretes fluid into body cavity it lines

what are some examples of places serous membranes are found?

pleural sac (surrounds lungs) and pericardial (surrounds heart) sac

what is simple squamous epithelium?

single layer of thin, flat cells

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

rapid diffusion through absorption, filtration, and secretion

what are some example locations of simple squamous epithelium?

glomerulus, long alveolus, blood vessels

why do blood vessels have simple squamous epithelium?

blood must be quick flowing through capillaries, oxygenate areas

what kind of epithelium is shown?

simple squamous epithelium

what is simple cuboidal epithelium?

single layer of short, eight-sided cuboid cells (box shaped)

what are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

secretion and absorption

what are examples of places you can find simple cuboidal epithelium?

ducts and tubules, kidney tubules

what does the thickness of simple cuboidal epithelium allow for?

different functions on different sides of the cell

what kind of epithelium is shown?

simple cuboidal epithelium

what is simple columnar epithelium?

single layer, tall columnar or cylindrical cells

what are the types of simple columnar epithelium?

non-ciliated and ciliated

what is the function of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

absorption and secretion

where is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

stomach and intestines

what is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

secretion and propulsion (powered by cilia)

where is ciliated simple columnar epithelium found?

bronchioles (prevents clots) and uterine tubes (pushes egg towards uterus)

what kind of epithelium is shown?

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

what kind of epithelium is shown?

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

what is stratified squamous epithelium?

multiple layers of squamous shaped cells

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

protection, abrasion, wear and tear

what are the two types stratified squamous epithelium?

keratinized and non-keratinized

what is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

dry surface like skin, keratin in skin closer to surface

what is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

moist surface such as mouth and esophagus

what is stratified cuboidal epithelium?

multiple layers of cuboid shaped cells

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

secretion

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

ducts of larger glands (salivary, sweat, or mammary)

what kind of epithelium is shown?

stratified cuboidal epithelium

what is stratified columnar epithelium?

more than one layer of epithelial columnar cells

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

protection and secretion

where is stratified columnar epithelium located?

mammary glands, male urethra, larynx

what kind of epithelium is shown?

stratified columnar epithelium?

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

falsely layered, cells do not all extend to the surface, all attached to the basement membrane

what is the function of pseudostratified epithelium?

secretion, absorption, and protection

what are the types of pseudostratified epithelium?

non-ciliated and ciliated

what is the function and location of non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium?

absorption and secretion; males epididymis and urethra

what is the function of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium?

propulsion and secretion; trachea, bronchi

what kind of epithelium is shown?

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

what is transitional epithelium?

cells change shape with distension and elasticity, cuboidal or columnar shape at base and squamous-like top with stretching

where is transitional epithelium located?

bladder, ureters, and upper urethra (excretory system)

what epithelium is shown?

transitional epithelium

what is the function of connective tissue?

bind, support and cushion body structures, protection, insulation, and transport

what is the origin of connective tissue?

mesoderm