MIDTERMS - Plating 3 (Part 2)

Covers: Colon & renal system

Store fecal matter

Water absorption

Main function of colon

Sigmoid colon

Most redundant part of colon

Descending colon

Ascending colon

Retroperitoneal parts of colon

Sigmoid colon

Transverse colon

Intraperitoneal parts of colon

Taenia coli

Haustra / haustrations

Epiploic appendages

Distinguishing features from small intestine

Mesocolon

Specific covering of large intestine (double layered peritoneum)

Mesentery

Specific covering of small intestine (double layered peritoneum)

Haustra

Sacculations in large intestine

Epiploic appendages

Part of large intestine that contains and protects vessels

Right colic flexure / hepatic flexure

Flexure from ascending colon → transverse colon

Left colic flexure / splenic flexure

Flexure from transverse colon → descending colon

Ileocecal valve

Lip-like sphincter from terminal ileum → cecum

Right paracolic gutter

A deep groove or channel in the abdominal cavity where ascending colon sits

Submucosa

Strongest layer of colon wall

Ileocolic artery / SMA

Blood supply of terminal ileum, appendix, cecum, and part of ascending colon

Right colic artery / SMA

Blood supply of ascending colon

Left colic artery / IMA

Blood supply of descending colon

Sigmoid artery / IMA

Blood supply of sigmoid colon

Sigmoid colon

Diverticulosis most commonly affect which part of colon?

Diverticulosis

Outpouching colon

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of outpouching colon

Barium enema

Procedure where contrast dye is introduced through rectum; imaging study

Colonoscopy

Gold standard for examining large intestine and diagnosing colonic conditions; can directly see mucosa

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Organs of renal system

Regulate electrolytes

Regulate blood pH

Regulate blood volume

Remove metabolic wastes

Functions of kidney / urinary system

Waste removal

Least important function of kidney

True

True or false: kidneys are retroperitoneal organs

T12-L3

Vertebral level of kidneys

False

True or false: the false ribs protect the kidneys

False

True or false: kidneys are in the thoracic cavity because they are above the diaphragm

True

True or false: left kidney is higher than the right kidney

Renal capsule

Surrounds kidney, made of dense fibrous CT

Pararenal fat

Layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal capsule; cushions and protects

Renal fascia

CT layer around pararenal fat made of loose CT; anchors kidney to surrounding peritoneum and abdominal wall

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pyramids

Renal pelvis

Calyx

Ureter

Gross anatomy of kidneys

Renal cortex

Outer most superficial layer of kidney

Renal medulla

Inner layer of kidney with pyramids

Calyx

Receives fresh urine from the renal pyramids and funnels it into the major calyces

Renal pelvis

Receives urine from all major calyces and channels it directly into the ureter

Nephron

Functional unit of kidney

Aorta > renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > interlobular arteries

Blood supply to kidney

Interlobular vein > arcuate vein > interlobar veins > segmental veins > renal vein > IVC

Venous drainage flow of kidney

Glomerulus with capsule > PCT > loops of Henle > DCT > collecting duct

Nephron sequence

Juxtaglomerular apparatus / JGA

Consists of cells located in and around glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Adenosine

Neurotransmitter that JGA secretes to lower blood pressure

Renin

Neurotransmitter that JGA secretes if blood pressure is still too low after adenosine has caused vasoconstriction

Glomerulus

First part of nephron where filtration occurs; located only in renal cortex

Bowman’s capsule

Capsule of glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Takes blood away from glomerulus

Vasa recta

Straight loop of Henle

Afferent arterioles

Cluster of small arteries that bring blood to and from the glomerulus in the kidneys

Diuretics

Medicines that increase amount of urine produced

Alcohol

Caffeine

Diuretic examples

Collecting duct

Receives urine from DCT → calyx → ureter

Urethritis

Infection and inflammation of urethra

Pyelitis

Infection of renal calyxes

Cystitis

Infection of urinary bladder (the bladder, specifically)

Urea

Main waste product of urine

True

True or false: eating excessive proteins can cause kidney damage

Clear / colorless

Normal color of urine

Renal pelvis

Kidney stones develop in what structure of kidney?

Uric acid

Calcium

Cysteine

Cholesterol

Stones can be made out of?

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Urinary bladder

3 ureteric constrictions of kidney stones

Ultrasound lithotripsy / Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy / ESWL

Procedure that puts a powerful speaker on outside of kidney, sends a shockwave which tissues absorb but stones shatter

Stent

A small, flexible hollow tube placed inside the ureter to keep it open and ensure urine drains smoothly from the kidney to the bladder.

Nephritis

Nephron inflammation

Hydronephrosis

Excess fluid in nephron

Dialysis

Treatment for kidney failure

Urolithiasis

Stones that form the urinary tract

Nephrolithiasis

Stones that form the kidney

Ureterolithiasis

Kidney stone becomes lodged in the ureter

Pyelolithiasis

Kidney stone located specifically inside the renal pelvis

Nephrolithotomy

Surgery for nephrolithiasis

Ureterolithotomy

Surgery for ureterolithiasis

Cystolithiasis

Urinary bladder stones

Cystolithotomy

Surgery for cystolithiasis

Anuria

Absence of urine output

Pyuria

Presence of WBC / pus in urine

Polyuria

Production of abnormally large urine volume

Oliguria

Low / decreases urine output

Dysuria

Painful, burning, or difficult urination

CT stonogram

Gold standard for renal stones

0-5/HPF

Normal WBC count for females (urinalysis)

0-2/HPF

Normal WBC count for males (urinalysis)

Nephrolithiasis

RBC: >50/HPF without menstruation may suggest what?

Transitional epithelium

Ureter lining epithelium

Ureter

Long tubes that connect renal pelvis → urinary bladder

Rugae

Fold of urinary bladder which allow for expansion

Detrusor muscle

Muscle layer that makes up the urinary bladder

Trigone

triangular area where ureters enter and urethra exits

Internal urethral sphincter

Smooth muscle sphincter of urinary bladder

External urethral sphincter

Skeletal muscle sphincter of urinary bladder

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from your bladder out of your body

False

True or false: men are more prone to UTIs than women