Comprehensive Skeletal System: Bones, Landmarks, and Functions

What type of bones have complicated shapes and don't fit any other category?

Irregular Bones

What type of bones have a hollow medullary cavity on the inside?

Long Bones

What is the job of flat bones?

Protect internal organs (ex. Brain, heart, lungs, reproductive organs)

What is the job of sesamoid bones?

Protect tendons that run over joints from stress and wear

What is the job of short bones?

Provide stability to joints that bear weight

What is the job of long bones?

Support weight & enable movement

What is the length comparison of long bones?

Length > Width

What do long bones consist of?

Long diaphysis, 2 epiphyses

What bones provide a great place for muscles to attach?

Long Bones

What shape are short bones?

Roughly cube-shaped

What are short bones that are buried within tendons called?

Sesamoid Bones

What are the carpals?

Short bones

What is the largest and strongest bone of the face?

Mandible

What are the two types of skull bones?

Cranial & Facial

How many bones is the skull made of?

22

Which type of skull bones protect the brain?

Cranial

Which type of skull bones provide openings for air and food?

Facial

Which type of skull bones provide a place for muscles of facial expression to attach?

Facial

How many cranial bones are there?

8

How many facial bones are there?

14

Which cranial bones occur in pairs?

Temporal & Parietal

Which facial bones do you only have one of?

Vomer & Mandible

What is the common name for the coccyx?

Tailbone

What are three other names for the vertebral column?

Backbone, spine, spinal column

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Support the upper body; protects the spinal cord; provides points of attachment for other bones

What are the vertebrae in your neck called?

Cervical

What are the vertebrae in your chest region called?

Thoracic

What are the vertebrae in your lower back called?

Lumbar

What are the two lowest bones of the vertebral column called?

Sacrum & Coccyx

What is the top cervical vertebra called?

Atlas

Which cranial bone does the atlas form a joint with?

Occipital bone

What does the atlas-occipital joint allow you to do with your head?

Nod 'yes'

What is the second cervical vertebra called?

Axis

True or False: The axis has a part that sticks up into the atlas.

True

What is the part that sticks up into the atlas called?

Dens

What does the atlas-axis joint allow you to do with your head?

Shake 'no'

What is the part referenced in question #16 called?

Dens

What do all the thoracic vertebrae have in common?

Attach to the ribs.

Which part of the vertebral column attaches to the hips/pelvis?

Sacrum.

How many pieces was your sacrum prior to ossification?

5.

How many pieces was your coccyx prior to ossification?

4.

What separates the vertebrae?

Intervertebral disks.

What are intervertebral disks made of?

Fibrocartilage.

What is lordosis?

A condition of the vertebral column in which the lumbar curvature is extreme.

What is scoliosis?

A condition of the vertebral column in which the entire column is twisted.

What is text neck?

A condition of the vertebral column in which the cervical curvature straightens.

What is kyphosis?

A condition of the vertebral column in which the thoracic curvature is extreme.

What is the thorax?

The set of bones that make up your chest.

Which bones make up the thorax?

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum.

Which organs does the thorax protect?

Heart, lungs, urinary bladder, kidneys.

What is the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum called?

Costal cartilage.

How many pairs of ribs do you have?

12.

How many total ribs do you have?

24.

What are floating ribs?

Ribs that do not attach to the sternum at all.

What are false ribs?

Ribs that attach to the sternum via a shared section of costal cartilage or don't attach to the sternum at all.

What are true ribs?

Ribs that attach to the sternum via an independent section of costal cartilage.

Which ribs are considered true ribs?

Pairs 1 - 7.

Which ribs are considered false ribs?

Pairs 8 - 12.

Which ribs are considered floating ribs?

Pairs 11 & 12.

Are the girdles part of the axial or the appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular.

What is the basic purpose of our girdles?

Attach appendages to the axial skeleton.

How many girdles do you have?

2.

What are the names of the girdles?

Pectoral & pelvic girdles.

Which girdle holds your arms on?

Pectoral girdle.

Which girdle holds your legs on?

Pelvic girdle.

What is another name for the pectoral girdle?

Shoulder girdle.

What two bones make up your pectoral girdle?

Clavicles & scapulae.

What bones make up your pelvic girdle?

Hip bones & sacrum.

What is the common name of the clavicle?

Collarbone.

What is the common name of the scapula?

Shoulder blade.

Does the scapula attach to the vertebral column?

No, it does not attach.

What is another name for the pelvic girdle?

Hip girdle.

Which organs does the pelvis protect?

Uterus, urinary bladder, rectum.

What are the hip bones also known as?

Coxal bones.

How many parts is each hip bone made of?

Three.

Which part of the hip bone are you sitting on?

Ischium.

Which part of the hip bone makes up the flare of your hips?

Ilium.

Which part of the hip bone is at the front?

Pubis.

Which bone holds the hip bones together posteriorly?

Sacrum.

What is the acetabulum?

The portion of the hip bone where the femur fits in.

What is the pubic symphysis?

The cartilage that joins the two pubic bones together at the front of the pelvis.

Which is more stable, the pelvic girdle or the pectoral girdle?

Pelvic girdle.

Which is more mobile, the pelvic girdle or the pectoral girdle?

Pectoral girdle.

What is the longest and strongest bone of the upper limb?

Humerus.

Which bones does the humerus form a joint with?

Scapula, radius, ulna.

What is the bump of your elbow called?

Olecranon process.

What type of bones are the carpals?

Short bones.

Which bones are visible as your knuckles?

Metacarpals.

How many carpals are in each hand?

8.

How many metacarpals are in each hand?

5.

How many phalanges are in each hand?

14.

Which finger has one less phalanx than the rest?

Thumb.

What are the phalanges called that are closest to the body?

Proximal phalanges.

What are the phalanges called that are at the tips?

Distal phalanges.

What are the phalanges called that are in the middle?

Middle phalanges.

What is the longest and strongest bone of the lower limb?

Femur.

How many tarsals are in each foot?

7.

How many metatarsals are in each foot?

5.

How many phalanges are in each foot?

14.

True or false: The big toe has only two phalanges, while the rest have three.

True.