MED TERM 7: diseases, disorders, & procedures

abnormal vaginal bleeding

heavy bleeding during menses lasting less than 7 days

dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

hormone imbalance without ovulation

breast cancer

most originate in ducts (invasive ductal carcinoma) or lobules; screening via mammogram starting at age 45

cervical cancer

primarily caused by HPV; screened via PAP smear; dysplasia graded as LSIL

endometrial cancer

most common; primary diagnostic sign of this cancer is postmenopausal vaginal bleeding

ovarian cancer

linked to inherited mutations in BRCA1 & 2 genes; surgical removal of peritoneum tissue is omentectomy

intrauterine devices (IUD)

small, T-shaped device that contains hormones to prevent ovulation, thickening of the endometrial lining & pregnancy

breast-conserving surgery

surgery that removes cancer and some normal surrounding tissue in breast

total mastectomy

surgery that removes cancerous breast and some armpit lymph nodes

modified radical mastectomy

surgery that removes whole cancerous breast and most surrounding lymph nodes

Papinicolaou smear (PAP)

cytological study that screens for cancer in cervix before symptoms occur

LSIL

low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions; slightly abnormal changes caused by HPV

conization

scalpel/laser knife is used to remove a cone-shaped section of abnormal cervix tissue; treatment for cervical cancer

LEEP

loop electrosurgical excision procedure; electrical current is passed through a thin, wire loop to remove abnormal cervix tissue

laparoscopy

surgeon makes tiny incision near navel and uses laparoscope to look for signs of endometrial tissue outside of uterus

endometriosis

presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus causing pain and infertility

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

bacteria spreading from cervix/vagina causing risk of tubo-ovarian abcess or ectopic pregnancy

PCOS

hormonal imbalance leading to enlarged ovaries, insulin resistance, and excess facial hair (hirsutism)

prolapse

bladder protruding into vagina = cystocele (anterior), rectum protruding into vagina = rectocele (posterior)

uterine fibroids

benign smooth muscle tumors; surgically removed via myomectomy (spares uterus)

toxic shock syndrome

severe infection linked to superabsorbent tampon use

ovarian cyst

fluid filled sac in ovary

tubo-ovarian abscess

inflammation mass involving the fallopian tube & ovary

premenstrual dysphoric (PMDD)

causes severe irritability depression or anxiety a week or two before period

endometrial ablation

uterus lining is removed or destroyed to control heavy bleeding

mammogram

radiographic image of breast tissue to detect cancer

gynecologist

physician specializing in female reproductive diseases

obstetrician

physician specializing in pregnancy, labor, and delivery

dilation & curettage (D&C)

cervix is widened to scrape away the endometrial lining

total hysterectomy

procedure that removes uterus and cervix

subtotal hysterectomy

procedure that leaves cervix intact

TAH/BSO

procedure that removes uterus, tubes, and lymph nodes

hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

x-ray evaluation of uterine cavity and tubes using radiopaque dye

tubal ligation

female sterilization by cutting/blocking the Fallopian tubes