2A Flashcards

Perception

Organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Perceptual Set

Expectations influence what we perceive.

Motivation

Needs and desires influence what we notice.

Emotion

Feelings affect how we interpret information.

Experience

Past experiences influence perception.

Culture

Cultural background shapes how we interpret the world.

Context

Surroundings influence how we interpret stimuli.

Intensity

Stronger stimuli attract more attention.

Contrast

Differences make objects stand out.

Movement

Moving objects attract attention.

Bottom-Up Processing

Building perception from sensory information.

Top-Down Processing

Using expectations and experiences to interpret information.

Feature Detectors

Brain cells that detect visual features like edges and movement.

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple visual features simultaneously.

Gestalt

Seeing the whole rather than individual parts.

Figure-Ground

Separating an object from its background

Proximity

Grouping objects that are close together.

Similarity

Grouping objects that look alike.

Continuity

Seeing smooth, continuous patterns.

Closure

Filling in missing information to complete an image.

Connectedness

Seeing physically connected objects as one group.

Depth Perception

Judging distance and seeing in three dimensions.

Retinal Disparity

Each eye sees a slightly different image

Convergence

Eyes turn inward when looking at nearby objects.

Relative Size

Smaller-looking objects appear farther away.

Interposition

An object covering another appears closer.

Linear Perspective

Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance.

Texture Gradient

Distant objects appear less detailed.

Relative Height

Objects higher in the visual field appear farther away

Relative Motion

Nearby objects appear to move faster than distant objects.

Perceptual Constancy

Objects appear unchanged despite changes in viewing conditions.

Size Constancy

Objects appear the same size despite distance changes.

Shape Constancy

Objects appear to keep their shape from different angles.

Color Constancy

Objects appear to maintain their color under different lighting.

Brightness Constancy

Objects appear to maintain brightness under changing light.

Moon Illusion

The moon appears larger near the horizon.

Ames Room

A room designed to make people appear different sizes.

Restored Vision

egaining sight after blindness; interpreting visual information can initially be difficult.

Perceptual Adaptation

Adjusting to changes in visual information, such as distortion goggles.

Memory

Encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Encoding

Getting information INTO memory.

Storage

Keeping information IN memory.

Retrieval

Getting information OUT of memory.

Sensory Memory

Briefly holding sensory information.

Iconic Memory

Brief visual memory.

Echoic Memory

Brief auditory memory.

Working Memory

Holding and actively processing information.

Long-Term Memory

Storing information for extended periods.

Central Executive

Controls attention and coordinates working memory.

Phonological Loop

Temporarily holds words and sounds.

Short-Term Memory

Temporarily holding information.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Temporarily holds visual and spatial information.

Explicit Memory

Conscious memories you can explain.

Implicit Memory

Memories that influence behavior without conscious awareness.

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences.

Semantic Memory

Memory of facts and knowledge.

Procedural Memory

Memory of how to perform skills.

Visual Encoding

Remembering information through images.

Acoustic Encoding

Remembering information through sounds.

Semantic Encoding

Remembering information through meaning.

Automatic Processing

Learning information without conscious effort.

Effortful Processing

Actively working to learn information.

Chunking

Breaking information into smaller groups.

Mnemonics

Memory tricks that help you remember information

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Imagery

Creating mental pictures to remember information.

Spacing Effect

Learning improves when studying is spread out over time.

Testing Effect

Retrieving information improves memory.

Shallow Processing

Remembering appearance or sound.

Deep Processing

Understanding meaning and making connections.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Strengthening connections between neurons.

Memory Consolidation

Stabilizing new memories for long-term storage.

Hippocampus

Brain structure important for forming new explicit memories.

Amygdala

Brain structure involved in emotional memories.

Cerebellum

Helps store learned movements and skills.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Psychologist who studied how people forget information.

Forgetting Curve

Shows that forgetting happens quickly at first, then slows down.

Recall

Retrieving information without seeing the answer.

Recognition

Identifying information seen before.

Relearning

Learning information again faster than the first time.

Retrieval Cues

Hints that help you remember information.

Priming

Exposure to one stimulus activates related memories.

Context-Dependent Memory

Remembering better in the same environment where you learned.

Mood-Congruent Memory

Current mood makes similar emotional memories easier to recall.

Serial Position Effect

Remembering the beginning and end of a list better.

Primacy Effect

Remembering the FIRST items.

Recency Effect

Remembering the LAST items.

Encoding Failure

Information was never properly learned.

Decay

Memories weaken over time when not used.

Proactive Interference

OLD information interferes with NEW information.

Retroactive Interference

NEW information interferes with OLD information.

Retrieval Failure

Stored information cannot be accessed.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

Knowing information but temporarily being unable to recall it.

Source Amnesia

Remembering information but forgetting where it came from.

Misinformation Effect

Incorrect information changes how someone remembers an event.

False Memories

Remembering something that did not actually happen.

Hindsight Bias

Believing you knew something all along after learning the answer.

Confirmation Bias

Favoring information that supports existing beliefs.

Imagination Inflation

Imagining an event increases belief that it happened.