Impact of Materials on Society (UF) Exam 1

Metals

-dense

-strong

-malleable

-thermally and electrically conductive

-shiny

Ceramics

-durable

-strong

-brittle

-low ductility

-doesn't corrode

-low density

-electrical conductivity depends on material

-thermally resistant

-high melting point

-waterproof

-crystalline or amorphous

Polymers

-low density

-resistant to corrosion

-ductile

-poor temperature resistance

Composites

-high strength to weight ratio

-lightweight

-resistant to fire

Glass

-brittle

-high melting point

-poor conductivity

-doesn't corrode

-waterproof

Role of clay

-used as a material for buildings

-writings were inscribed in clay

-used to make cooking tools

-used for storage units

-used for slings

-used in the medical field

-made ocarinas

Clay structure/definition

-layered

-water was able to pass through

Clay history

...

Modern uses of clay

-Pottery

-Building materials (Italy)

-Odor absorbents (cat litter)

-Oil drilling wells

-Gasoline production uses clay based catalysts

-Paper making

-Hazardous waste clean-up

-Cement production

-Chemical filtering

-Mold binders

-Land fill barrier

-Dam core

Kaolinite

-1 part aluminum trioxide, 2 parts silicon dioxide, 2 parts water

-1:1 of tetrahedra and octahedra layers

-China clay

-Low shrink-swell capacity

-Heat below 550 degrees C, and you can reverse dry

-Heat above 1000 degrees C and you make stoneware

-Used in porcelain, toothpaste, cosmetics, paint, organic farming, Kaopectate, Quick-clot combat gauze

Montomorillonite

-Mix of Na, Ca, Al, Mg, and Si oxides with H2O

-A type of Smectite clay which has mixes of lots of elements

-2:1 layers (2 tetrahedra:1 octahedra) (1T:1O:1T)

-Opposite of Kaolinite: it has a large shrink-swell capacity

-Used in oil drilling, cores of dams, liners in landfills, cat litter, can cause micelles to assemble into vesicles, look like cell membranes

-Helps nucleotides assemble into RNA which will end up inside vesicles

-Building blocks of early lifeforms

Catal Hoyuk

-Neolithic settlement that was entangled with clay

-Stacked houses atop one another over many generations

-Allowed us to explore entanglement

Entanglement principles

Humans depend on things,

things are a collection of symbols,

things depend on humans

Rare earth entanglement

Trace amounts are used in different forms of technology/innovations

Operational chain

The sequence in manufacturing a product

amorphous materials

No long range order, lacking crystal structure, obsidian

flintnapping

shaping of flint through reduction

natron and calcium carbonate

Reduce the melting temperature of silica and makes the commonly used soda lime glass

fairence

glass glaze with a low melting temperature

soda lime glass

silicon dioxide + sodium oxide + calcium oxide

glass

-softer when heated

amorphous vs crystalline

No order vs ordered cleavage

network modifiers versus network formers

modifier- forms only one bond

former- forms more than one bond

glass transition temperature

1700 C

history of glass

Truly amorphous ceramics are glass, which is

achieved through vitrification, a transformation of

atomic/molecular structure requiring, for most clays,

temperatures in excess of 1200 degrees C

Rupert drop mechanism

shrinking a piece of glass by dropping it rapidly into water which strengths through compression

Borosilicate glass (Pyrex)

Add boron to glass, which reduces its thermal expansion coefficient

float glass

glass hardening on top of liquid tin

impact of glass on modern society

...

functional ceramics

piezoelectrics (M to E eng)

Thermoelectric (T to E eng) (inefficient)

piezoelectrics

mechanical to electrical

transducers

operational chain

The production process broken down into steps in order to eliminate waste from each step

copper and bronze alloys

...

yield strength

where a material begins to permanently deform

work hardening

changes properties of a ductile material

through bending

introduces dislocations

becomes more brittle

becomes softer through aneeling

alloy hardening

combination with another material to metal in order to create a stronger material

Role of arsenic and tin

Used to alloy harden a material

dislocations

impurities in material

annealing or tempering

make a material softer through heat and cooling in order to make it harder

phase diagram

demonstrates the state of matter a substance will exist in at certain temperatures based off of a function temperature affected by pressure

impact of bronze

improved weapons, barley, and other technologies

trade routes

developed as a result of precious metals being used as money due to less items to carry

impact of trade

...

development of trade centers

cities along trade routes developed into trade centers where merchants sell goods and bring culture

Au and Ag

Gold and silver

Au properties

-chemically resistant

-shiny

-conductive (both heat and electricity)

-malleable

-ductile

-dense

Cupellation

The separation of noble metals from other metals present in a ore

Amalgamation

Combining an ore with mercury

liquation

Separating metals from an ore through heat

parting

Separate gold and silver

gold history

...

Central America

...

Why is gold used for coins?

...

Electrum

Gold and silver mixture

Money

Stores intrinsic value within itself

coins

tokens that can be classified as money

currency

A medium of exchange

4 major functions of money

-unit of account

-store of value

-medium of exchange

-standard of deferred payment

gold nanoparticles

used in the human body to transport medicine, especially with certain cancers

concrete

...

cement

a powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay

limestone

Calcium carbonate, made from the skeletal structures of marine animals

lime

...

limestone's role in concrete

Used to make Portland cement

Pozzulana cement

Came from a volcano, had a lot of alumina silicate, can set up underwater

Water helps cure it faster

clinker

when clay is joined with limestone, the product is then grounded and added to a sulfate like gypsum, and is then added to water, sand, and crushed rock to make concrete

hydraulic cement

rapid setting cement with high strength

modern Portland Cement

Same as pozzulana, sets up in 12 hours due to tides

impact of concrete on Roman soicety

Established a hierarchy

social structures in ancient ROme

Colluseum

Impact of Concrete on modern society

-allows for the growth if infrastructure

-Provides better road systems through roads