Chapter 8 - MT ✨

CF for the rib

Cost/o

CF for the ligament

Ligament/o

What is a ligament

The ligament is a strong, less flexible connective tissue that connects bones together.

Leimy/o

Smooth muscle

Cf for muscle

Muscul/o

CF for muscle

My/o

Myos/o

CF for Bone marrow

Myel/o

Rhabdomy/o

Skeletal muscle

Spin/o

Cf for the vertebrae

Cf for vertebrae

Spin/o

Vertebr/o

Spondyl/o

CF for the tendon

Ten/o

Tendin/o

And it is the flexible connect time tissue that ties bones and muscles together.

Costochondritis

Infl. Of the cartilage on the rib

Ligamentous

pt to the ligament

Leiomyosarcoma

Malignant tumor of the smooth muscles

Myosarcoma

Malignant tumor of the muscle

Myositis

Inf of the muscle

Myelodysplasia

Abnormal formation of bone marrow which is pre malignant and can lead to leukemia (since the bone marrow produces blood cells).

Osteomyelitis

Infl of the bone marrow and bones due to a bacterial infection.

Rhabdomyolysis

Breakdown of skeletal muscles leading to myoglobin release that changes the blood color.

Spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the space in the vertebrae where the spinal cord goes, leading to pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.

Spondylosis

Abnormal condition of the vertebrae.

( The degeneration of vertebrae, disc, joints etc that can lead to spinal stenosis ).

Tenorraphy

Surgery that is performed by stretching the fractured tendons then stiching them with threads..

rraphy = stiching

Tendinitis

Infl. Of the tendon

Name the types of muscles and their control and striation + CFs

1. Skeletal muscle: striated and voluntary = rhabdomyo

2. Smooth muscles: non striated, involuntary = leimy/o

3. Cardiac muscle: non striated and involuntary

Ankylosing spondylitis

A long-term (chronic) arthritis that gets worse over time. The joints stiffen

(ankylosis), mainly in the spine and hip.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

The median nerve is squeezed as it passes through the wrist between the tendons/ligaments and bones.

Fracture

Broken bone

Gouty arthritis

Infl of the joints caused by the accumulation of uric acid

Muscular dystrophy

An inherited disorder and muscle fibers are slowly becoming weaker & breakdown usually in boys where every movement causes tearing and they have little protein that protects the muscles.

Osteoporosis

Bones become less dense.

Perosis = holes / pores/ passages

Rheumatoid arthritis

long term inflammation of the joints with pain, swelling and stiffness especially in small joints of hands and feet. Can be autoimmune and causes accumulation of the synovial fluid.

ANA = antinuclear antibody test

A plasma sample for antibodies against lupus erythmatosus (an auto immune/ genetic disease)

Arthrocentesis

A puncture is used to remove fluid from the joint.

Arthrography

X ray imaging of the joints using a contrast material

Bone density test

Low energy x ray is used to make images of the bones in the spine, pelvis and wrist to show where the bones are weak.

Bones density test is also called:

Bone density scanning, DEXA & bone densiometry.

Bone scan

A radioactive tracer is injected to check for increased uptake that could detect tumors, inflammation, infection, fractures etc..

Calcium level

Blood/ serum test for calcium levels for diseases of the bones.

Electromyography (EMG)

Record of the electricity of the muscle to see how strong they are

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - ESR

Test that measure how fast the RBC fall to the bottom of the test tube, and a high rate indicates inflammation like rheumatoid arthritis,

Muscle biopsy

A piece of muscle is removed and examined under a microscope.

ORIF - Open reduction internal fixation

Surgery in severe fractures or dislocations where we make an insicion through the skin and put the broken bones back in place and connecting them, the fixate there place using rods and screws and plates.

Uric acid test

blood test that measures the amount of uric acid (nitrogenous waste). High levels are linked to gouty arthritis

Arthroplasty

Surgical repair of the joints.

Acetabulum

Total hip arthroplasty.

The head of the femur (the ⚽) and the acetabulum are replaced artificially and cemented into the bone.

Laminectomy

Surgery that removes a part of the backbone (lamina) to relieve pressure on nerves from a herniated disc.

Microscopic discectomy

Surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc, surgeon uses an operating microscope to see the surgical field.

Vertebroplasty

Surgical repair of the vertebrae, a spinal cement is injected to make them stronger and relief pain caused by fractures.

ACL 🫰🏻

Anterior cruciate ligament of the knee, ligament connecting the femur to the tibia.

ANA

Antinuclear antibody.

C1 - C7

Cervical vertebrae

DEXA

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

DJD

Degenerative joint disease

DOMS

Delayed onset muscle soreness

ESR

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Fx

Fracture

IM

Intramuscular

L1- L5

Lumbar vertebrae

NSAID

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, for joints & muscles.

OA

Osteoarthritis

ORIF

Open reduction internal fixation

Ortho

Orthopedics / orthopaedics.

PT

Physical therapy

ROM

Range of motion, to see how the knee moves in all direction for examination

T1 - T12

Thoracic vertebrae

TKR

Total knee replacement

TMJ

Temporomandibular joint = joint that connects the jaw to the skull.