Types of claims and evidence

Claims of Fact

"Global average temperatures have risen significantly over the past century."

Claims of Value

Preserving old-growth forests is more important than short-term economic development."

Claims of Policy

"The city should mandate residential food waste composting by next year."

Claims of Definition

"Internet addiction should be officially recognized as a clinical disorder."

Claims of Cause and Effect

"Widespread smartphone use among young children contributes to decreased attention spans."

Statistical Evidence

Raw numbers, percentages, trends, averages, and probabilities derived from studies or surveys. (Best used to support claims of fact).

Testimonial Evidence

Statements from eyewitnesses (first-hand accounts) or recognized authorities and qualified experts in a specific field. (Builds ethos)

Specific Instances, Examples, and Case Studies

Concrete real-world events, narratives, or observations used to illustrate a broader pattern. (Must be representative to be valid)

Empirical / Experimental Data

Information gathered through systematic research, direct observation, or laboratory experiments.

Historical Evidence

Precedents, past events, or historical documents used to draw comparisons or track cause-and-effect

Analogical Evidence

Comparisons between similar situations, using the known outcome of one to explain or predict the likely outcome of another.