LIT PROSE

POETRY

• Appeals to the heart

• Aims to captivate

• Written in verses, figurative language

• Unit of composition: stanza

PROSE

• Appeals to the mind

• Aims to inform

• Written in straightforward sentences

• Unit of composition: paragraph

• You have a legal responsibility not to lie

NON-FICTION

Everything written is based on existing facts and truths

BIOGRAPHY

• The life story of a person written by another

• Personal particulars: date and place of birth, parents, siblings, educational background, career history

• Achievements, awards, recognitio

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Written by the person himself

Memoir

One aspect of a person’s life worth remembering because it coincides with a milestone

Oration

• Persuasive speech

• Meant to be delivered orally, not meant to be read

• Ex: campaign speech, miting de avance

Epistles

Letters meant for public reading

Letters

for private correspondence

Essays

• Exposition or expository writings

• Writings meant to explain, expound, enumerate, establish cause and effect, to describe, to narrate

  • Academic essays

  • The way students answer their teacher’s questions

FICTION

• Mere product of the writer’s imagination

• Fabricated, conjured, and invented by the writer

SETTING

• element of fiction

• “Background” of the story to which the story is told to the readers

• Two components: place and time

  • Time: when the action happens

  • Place: where the action happens

• To know if the setting is integral, uproot the characters from the setting and if the story changes, it is integral

CHARACTER

A make-believe person we encounter in fiction

Major Characters

important characters

Central character/protagonist

The focus of the story

Antagonist

Epitome of vice

Flat character

Typical, representative of a group or class. They possess traits that make them identifiable in a group or class

Round character

The ones who posses traits that make them unique;y different from a group or class

Minor characters

Secondary characters

PLOT

• “Action” – “storyline”

• For action to happen, there must be a link in the storyline

- One action = short story

Multiple action, storylines = novel

Exposition

• part of the plot

• Usually in the beginning of the story which describes the setting and introduces the character

Development

• part of the plot

• Rising action of the story, the build-up of suspense

Climax

• part of the plot

• The most suspenseful part of the plot, the highest point of interest in the story

Resolution

• part of the plot

• The part of the plot where all loose ends are tied up

• “Unknots the suspense”

THEME

• Answers two questions: what is the story all about? What is the dominant idea conveyed in the story?

• To know the theme, one should know the protagonist because the story revolves around them

CONFLICT

• Struggle between two opposing forces

• Struggle between the central character and the opposing force 

Internal conflict

sometimes they can be opposing themselves. Fighting his emotions or reason

External conflict

the central character’s opposing force is another character; love triangles, sibling rivalry, husband vs. wife, superheroes; batman vs superman

POINT OF VIEW

• element of fiction

• Who is the narrator?

Internal POV

• If the narrator is the character

  • Central character/Protagonist

  • Minor character

Omniscient

• type of external POV

• Three intelligences:

  • Kayang pumasok sa isip ng character

  • Can go back to the past, shift to the present, even narrate the future

  • Knows all the secrets of the characters

Limited observer

May kulang na parts sa kwento

SHORT STORY

• Short fiction

• Can afford only one action, one storyline because of limited space

• Rule: should be read in one sitting

• Consists of a single dominant action and is intended to produce single unified impression

NOVEL

• Long fiction

• Can have multiple storylines