ANSC Full Final Exam Review - Thomas, TTU Fall 25

Adverse Effects of Fever are seen when temperatures are > ___?

5 degrees over normal temperature

What is a Fomite?

Any substance other than food.

- Feed troughs, walls, humans, and surgical instruments

What is a Vector

External parasites

- EX: tick fever

Define Disease.

Any departure from the normal

Define Excretions

The process of eliminating or expelling waste matter.

- Feces, vomit

Define Secretions

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ.

- Milk, sputum, nasal discharge

What are the types of pain?

1. Superficial

2. Deep

3. Visceral

4. Parietal

5. Referred

Define Dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

Define Epsitaxis

Nosebleed

Define Tachypnea

Abnormally rapid breathing

Define Cyanosis

Blueish discoloration of skin, conjunctivae, and visible mucous membranes that result from an increase in the absolute amount of reduced hemoglobin in blood

Define Dysphagia

Abnormalities of prehension, mastication, or swallowing

Define Icterus

(Jaundice) - expression of a yellow coloration in the sclera and mucous membranes

What are the causes of hyperthermia?

What are the causes of Hypothermia

Define edema.

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues or in body cavities (generalized or localized)

Define Pleural Effusion

(hydrothorax): fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity

Define Peritoneal Effusion

(ascites): Fluid that accumulates in the abdominal cavity

Where does Dependent Edema go?

Down with gravity

- Cattle: submandibular tissue, briske,t ventral abdomen, occasionally limbs

- Horse: Pectoral region between forelimbs, ventral abdomen, prepuce, limbs, occasionally head

List Palpable Lymph Nodes (Canine)

1. Submandibular

2. Prescapular

3. Axillary

4. Inguinal

5. Popliteal

Innate immunity

The bodies first line of defense, present from birth and non-specific

What are anatomic Barriers?

1. Skin: 1st line of defense

2. Mucous membranes: lining of the eye, intestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract secretes mucus that contains microbial killing substances

What are Physiologic Barriers?

1. Pyrexia

2. Gastric Acidity (HCl)

3. Soluble factors: nonspecific immunity

- Lysozyme

- Interferons

- Complement

- Cytokines

Define one of the 3 major events during an inflammatory response (Vasodilation).

Increase in the diameter of blood vessels, thus inducing and increasing blood flow to the area - Redness and Heat

Define one of the 3 major events during an inflammatory response (Increased capillary permeability)

Influx of fluid and cells from the engorged capillaries into the tissue - Swelling

Define one of the 3 major events during an inflammatory response (Influx of phagocytic cells)

The major type of WBC to emigrate is phagocytic cells

What are Phagocytic Barriers?

2nd line of defense. Ingestion of particulate material, including whole pathogenic microorganisms

- Redness

- Swelling

- Heat

- Pain

- Loss of function

What is Innate Immunity?

1st line of defense (present in all individuals at all times)

2. Immediate (0-4hrs)

3. Non-specific

4. No lasting protection

What is Acquired Immunity?

1. Late (>96hrs)

2. Initiated if innate immune response is inadequate (>4 days)

3. Antigen-specific immunity

4. Generates lasting protective immunity

- Antibodies, memory T-cells

Define Acquired Immunity

Reflects the presence of a functional immune system that is capable of specifically recognizing and selectively eliminating foreign microorganisms and molecules

What is the Humoral branch?

Recognizes and fights foreign substances (antigens) in the blood

What is the Cell-mediated branch

Recognizes and fights antigens in self cells

What cells produce antibodies

B cells produce Plasma cells, which produce Antibodies

- Interaction of B cells with antigen and their proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells

What are signaling cells?

Monocytes become what in the tissue

Macrophages

Predominant immunoglobulin in cow's milk

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

The first immunoglobulin that neonates produce

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Definition of Anaphylaxis

Shock-like and often fatal state whose onset occurs within minutes of a tpye 1 hypersensitive reaction

Passive immunity

Preformed antibodies are transferred to a recipient

Active immunity

Elicits protective immunity and immunologic memory so that a subsequent exposure to the pathogenic agent will elicit a heightened immune response with successful elimination of the pathogen

When should neonates receive colostrum?

Should the nurse or be tube-fed colostrum within 1 hour of birth

Reasons for the failure of passive transfer in the dam

1. Colostrum was not formed or has low antibody content (low nutritional status - starving

Reasons for the failure of passive transfer in the Premature meonate

- Small, early, hairless

- Colostrum was ingested, but not absorbed (GI not ready)

- Colostrum not ingested

Advantages of the modified live vaccine.

1. Antigenicity and ability to replicate in the host are retained; pathogenicity is lost

2. A strong, long-lasting immune response is achieved in fewer doses

3. Adjuvants are not necessary

4. Virus vaccines may quickly stimulate nonspecific, antiviral protection via interferon production

5. Quality of the immune response is thought to provide better protection

6. Less chance of allergic reactions

7. The virus may look and behave more like the disease-causing form or the organism

Disadvantages of the modified live vaccine

1. Less stable in storage

2. May contain contaminating pathogens

3. Contraindicated in pregnant animals

4. Possibility of their reversion to a virulent form

5. Possibility of viral shedding into the environment

Advantages of the killed vaccine

1. Longer shelf life and more stable in storage

2. Unlikely to contain contaminating pathogens

3. Safe to use in pregnant animals

4. No shedding of virus into the environment

5. Cannot produce an active infection

Disadvantages of the killed vaccine

1. Shorter duration of immunity (needs booster)

2. Produces lower titer

3. Larger, repetitive doses required

Definition of titer

Measurement of antibodies to document whether an animal has been exposed to a specific antigen and develops an immune response

Definition of antimicrobial

A drug that destroys or damages microbes. Can be against bacteria, fungi, or viruses

Definition of antibacterial

An antimicrobial that acts against bacteria

Definition of Antiviral

An Antimicrobial that acts against virus

Definition of Antifungal

An antimicrobial that acts against a fungus

Definition of Bactericidal

A compound that can kill bacteria rapidly

Definition of Bacteriostatic

A drug that inhibits the replication of an organism and holds it steady. The host's immune response clears out the antigen

Definition of Selective toxicity

Useful for systemic treatment of disease because the substance is harmful to the invading organism, but relatively non-harmful to host cell

Example: antimicrobial vs. disinfectant

Cause of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobials are misused

Do not use steroids in conjunction with

NSAIDs

Routes of administration

1. Oral (PO; per os)

2. Parenteral

- Intravenous (IV)

- Intramuscular (IM)

- Intraperitoneal (IP)

- Subcutaneous (SQ or SC)

- Intradermal (ID)

3. Other routes

- Topical

- Intrauterine

- Intramammary

- Intra-articular (IA) - joints

- Inhalation

- Intra-cardiac (IC)

VS is similar to what?

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

What species helps determine VS from FMD?

Horses

How is lumpy jaw and woody tongue transmitted?

Secondary to mucosal wounds (sharp objects, thorns, coarse feed, sticks, or tooth eruption)

Hard, non-movable swelling on the mandible/maxilla is indicative of what disease?

Lumpy Jaw

Causes a swollen tongue with abscesses, dysphagia, and drooling

Woody Tongue

Pinkeye/infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis pathogen

Moraxella Bovis

Risk factors for pinkeye

1. UV lights (sunlight) - White faces - reflecting UV rays

2. Coat color

3. Lack of pigment (Hereford)

Stage one of pinkeye

Photophobia, excessive blinking, excessive tearing, small corneal ulcer

Stage two of pinkeye

Ulcer spreads across the cornea, increasing cloudiness, and injected sclera

Stage three of pinkeye

Fibrin fills the interior of the eye, yellow appearance

Stage four of pinkeye

Iris protrusion through ulcer

Treatment/prevention of pinkeye

1. Topical antibiotics

2. Oxytetracycline (LA-200) IM

3. Subconjunctival injections of penicillin

4. Eyepatch or Tarsorrhaphy (suture eyelid closed), Third eyelid (pull it to the top lateral side to cover the eye)

5. Enucleation

Cancer eye/ Squamous Cell Carcinoma risk factors

1. Peak age 7-8 years of age

2. Breed, white-faced

3. Genetic

4. UV light

5. Environmental factors (wind, dust)

6. Viral warts or follicular cysts

Bovine Foot Rot - pathogen ("NECRO" = necrosis)

Fusobacterium Necrophorum

Risk factors of foot rot

1. Mud

2. Manure

3. Stones

4. Stubble

Blackleg is preventable with a

Vaccine

Blackleg pathogen

Clostridium Chauvoei

Is blackleg deadly?

Death within 24-48 hours, 100% mortality

What muscles does blackleg affect?

Heavy muscles

- Hip

- Back

- Shoulders

- Neck

If you suspect anthrax, what do you do?

1. Report to state

2. Do not move or open the carcass. Bury deep or incinerate

What clinical signs make you suspect anthrax?

1. Death (acute septicemia); high mortality

2. May convulse

3. Fever

4. Initial excitement, then depression and muscle tremors

5. Blood from all orifices

6. Muddy blue mucous membranes

7. Swollen, blue tongue

Layman's term for Brucellosis

Bangs disease

Who can vaccinate for Brucella abortus

Performed only be accredited veterinarians - TAHC

What is the name of the currently used vaccine for Brucella abortus?

RB-51 vaccine

What 2 forms of ID must accompany a Brucella abortus vaccine

1. RFID tags (840)

2. Metal permanent orange ear tags

What age and sex of cattle can be vaccinated for Brucella abortus

only females vaccinated 4-12 months of age

Is Brucellosis Zoonotic?

Yes

Heifer Syndrome form of Brucellosis

An infectious cow infects a calf through milk

1. Infective calf harbors and sheds Brucella when she has her 1st calf

2. While nursing, calves from reactors are positive. After weaning, it may be negative. But carriers a titer from colostrum/milk

3. Vaccination of these heifers does not prevent disease

Trichomoniasis, "Trich" is transmitted by what?

1. Found in the genital tract of the cow and bull

2. Venereal

What cattle are permanently affected by Trich?

Bulls > years are permanently affected, therefore cull

What cattle will clear the infection?

Heifers: after 1-2 heat cycles, may clear infection

- Immune to reinfection for 6-12 months

Where do you collect samples from to identify Trich?

1. Prepuce

2. Sheath

3. Penis of bull

- Culture or PCR

Vibrio (Bovine Vibriosis) pathogen and transmission

Pathogen: Campylobacter fetus venerealis

Transmission:

- Venereal

- Contaminated semen and AI equipment

- Bull Spreads to cow (os penis and prepuce)

Clinical signs of Vibrio in the bull

None

Clinical signs of Vibrio in the cow and heifers

Temporary infertility, early embryonic death with sporadic abortions 4-8th month of gestation

Prevention of Vibrio

1. AI; Antibiotics in semen

2. Vaccination

Transmission of lepto in cattle

1. Urine-contaminated feed or water

2. Direct contact with infected urine

3. Aborted tissues

Prevention of Lepto in cattle

Vaccination (5-way)

- Every 6 months if in an endemic region

- Can vaccinate pregnant cows in abortion outbreaks (killed acterin)

Management of Lepto in cattle

1. Rodent control (natural reservoirs)

2. Separate cattle from swine

3. Separate from contaminated water

4. Remove all aborted fetuses and placentas

Is Lepto Zoonotic?

Yes, Weil's Disease

Types of BVD (Bovine Virus Diarrhea)

Type 1: Cytopathic: causes cell death (apoptosis), rare

Type 2: Noncytopathic: Establishes consistent infections and is more common

When/Where are BVD PI's (Persistently infected; Mucosal Disease) exposed?

1. Infected in utero (40-125 days) (