BIOLAB 140 JMU CHECKPOINT 1

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation

predication

expected outcome if the hypothesis is true

background information

context and prior knowledge

experiment

procedure to test the hypothesis

Types of studies (3)

1. Experimental

2. Non-experimental

3. Descriptive

experimental

manipulation of variables and testing of hypothesis

non-experimental

no manipulation of variables, tests hypothesis. Observation only

Descriptive

Not testing a hypothesis, making observations without explaining why or how ex survey on clothesxo

control group

independent variable isn't manipulated, used to compare results to the experimental group

independent variable

factor that the experimenter changes or manipulates in order to observe its effect

dependent variable

factor being measured or observed

Traits (2)

1. Analogous

2. Homologous

analogous

no ancestral connection, traits arise to due to similar environmental pressures and convergent evolution

homologous

features shared by different species that were inherited from a common ancestor

introduction general structure:

D) General background info, E) General importance, A) Main goal/question, (b)(c) Hypothesis/experiment

order of scientific paper

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Materials and methods

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusion

1. Abstract

Research summary at the beginning of the paper. Should be concise, clear, and consistent

introduction

all info to understand the study is present

materials and methods

describes the specific design of the study, clear and concise description of the procedures used.

results

key findings of the research in an objective manner

Discussion

intreprets the results from results section

conclusion

summarizes the results and explains how they relate to the hypothesis

What do nodes represent?

(phylogenetic trees)

the common ancestor

what do branches represent? (phylogenetic trees)

depict evolutionary paths

what do tips (leaves) represent? (phylogenetic trees)

current species or taxa

what is a MRCA

- Most recent common ancestor

what is a monophyletic group (phylogenetic trees)

group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and everything that has evolved from it. forms a complete branch on a tree

what is parsimony?

simplest among a set of plausible explanation is the most likely

for phylogenies: Minimize the number of character state changes in a phylogeny (least amount of nodes)

Pipettes are most accurate in the

middle to top of their volume range

when do u post rinse?

use this for volumes less than 20ul

Centrifugation

-laboratory technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their densities by applying a high-speed rotational force

the tubes must be placed _____ in the centrifugation

symmetrically- weight of each tube balance

what happens to heavier and lighter particles as the centrifugation spins?

heavier particles (cells or large molecules) move toward the bottom, while lighter components stay close to the top

what is the "pellet" in centrifugation

the solid material that collects at the bottom of the test tube after the centrifuge has spun.

Steps in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1. Denaturation

2. Annealing

3. Extension/Elongation

cycle repeated 25-35 times to amplify target dna

1. Denaturation (94-98

double strand of dna is heated to separate into single strands

2. annealing

temperature is lowed to allow primers to bind to the complementary sequences on the single-stranded DNA

3. Extensions/elogation

DNA polymerase extends the primers to synthesize new dna strands, using the template DNA

Primers (PCR continued)

short, single-stranded sequences of DNA. Bind to complementary sequenced on DNA during annealing step

types of primers (2)

1. forward primer

2. reverse primer

forward primer

Binds outside the target region of one DNA strand

Reverse primers

binds outside the target region of the complementary strand