Cell Biology, Angiosperms, Algae, Bryophytes, and Ecology Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell biology, angiosperm modifications, algae and bryophytes, and ecology based on the lecture notes.

Cell Organelles

Living, membrane-bound structures within the cell, such as mitochondria.

Cell Inclusions

Non-living stored metabolic products or reserves, such as starch grains.

Nucleus

Organelle containing genetic material (DNA) that controls all cellular activities, metabolism, and heredity; comprises the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus.

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelle with a smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane (cristae) that synthesizes and stores cellular energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate, the primary energy currency of the cell.

Cristae

Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for enzyme reactions.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts where light-dependent photosynthesis occurs.

Photosynthesis

Process that synthesizes food from $CO_2$ and water using light inside chloroplasts.

Chloroplast Structure

The site of photosynthesis, featuring a double membrane, stroma, and grana.

Eukaryotic Plant Cell Diagram Features

Features a rigid cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, plastids, large central vacuole, and mitochondria.

Karyotheca

The nuclear membrane.

Nucleolus

Nuclear structure that synthesizes and assembles ribosomes.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes possess them.

Bulbils

Modified vegetative buds that detach and grow into new plants.

Areoles

Specialized cushion-like areas on cactus stems that bear spines or flowers.

Petiole

The leaf stalk.

Pulvinus

A swollen base of a leaf petiole that facilitates leaf movements.

Sub-aerial Stem Modifications

Stems modified for vegetative propagation running horizontally on or near the ground, including runners, stolons, offsets, and suckers.

Parts of Foliage Leaf

Includes the leaf base, petiole, and lamina (blade).

Phylloclade

A flattened, fleshy stem of indefinite growth.

Cladode

A branch of limited growth modified for photosynthesis.

Stem Tendrils

Climbing modifications of stems.

Thorns

Sharp defensive modifications of stems.

Venation

The arrangement of veins on a leaf.

Reticulate Venation

Vein arrangement that forms a net-like web pattern.

Phyllotaxy

The pattern of leaf arrangement on a stem (alternate, opposite, whorled).

Rhizome

A horizontal underground stem.

Corm

A short, vertical, swollen underground stem.

Economic Importance of Algae

Serves as a food source (Porphyra), agar production source (Gelidium), and iodine source (Laminaria).

Akinete

A thick-walled resting spore in algae.

Thallus

An undifferentiated plant body.

Pyrenoid

A protein body storing starch inside chloroplasts.

Spirogyra Cell Structure

Filamentous green alga with a cellulosic cell wall, mucilage sheath, and spiral chloroplasts with pyrenoids.

Chlorophyceae

Algae class containing chlorophyll a/b and storing true starch.

Rhodophyceae

Algae class containing phycoerythrin and storing floridean starch.

Scales (Bryophytes)

Multicellular protective flaps.

Rhizoids

Structures in bryophytes that absorb water and anchor the plant.

Edaphic Factors

Soil-related factors including soil texture, soil pH, and soil organic matter.

Productivity

Rate of biomass generation; high productivity enhances ecosystem stability.