Psych Exam 2

James-Lange Theory

bodily response and then fear

Cannon-Bard theory

bodily response and fear at the same time

Schachter-Singer Theory

bodily response and brain assesses situation, and then fear

SAME Model

states you will have two categories of emotional states: J-L (no appraisal) and S-S (requires appraisal)

Six universal emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise

Facial feedback hypothesis

facial expression influences emotion

Recognition of emotion by autistic children

social difficulties and difficulty recognizing facial emotions

Emotional contagion

one person’s emotions directly triggers that of another

Emotional empathy

capacity to respond with appropriate emotion to another

Cognitive empathy

capacity to understand perspective of another

Achievement motivation

individual’s need to meet goals and experience a sense of achievement

Intrinsic motivation

Internal desire

Extrinsic motivation

External desire

Minimal justification effect

people perform a task with little external desire, so they believed they actually liked the boring task

Performance goal

focus on how ability will be judged relative to others

Mastery goal

focus on ability according to self-improvement

Three processes of memory

encoding, storage, retrieval

Encoding

acquiring information and transferring to memory

Storage

retention of memory

Retrieval

recovery of stored information

Three types of memory storage

sensory, short-term, long-term

Sensory memory

lasts 1 sec, very large capacity

Short-term memory

lasts several secs, capacity of 7 +-2,

Long-term memory

unlimitied duration, unlimited capacity

Chunking

grouping information into bits, increases short-term memory capacity

Working memory

newer model of short-term memory, more of an active process, more complex processing

Rehearsal

transfers information from short-term memory to long-term memory

HSAM (highly superior autobiographical memory)

ability to recall cast, vivid details, better at retrieval

Spreading activation

suggests related nodes are stored close together

Model of schema

sets of expectations about objects and situations

Matinence rehersal

simple repitition

Elaborative rehersal

active process, links new material to known

Structural processing

what something looks like, shallow process

Phonemic processing

what something sounds like

Semantic processing

meaning/comparison, deep process

Declarative long-term memory

explicit, conscious

Nondeclarative long-term memory

implicit, unconcious

Types of declarative long-term memory

semantic, episodic, autobiographical

Semantic declarative memory

general world concepts

Episodic declarative memory

observational information attached to specific life events

Autobiographical declarative memory

blend of semantic and episodic

Types of nondeclarative long-term memory

procedural, classical conditioning, priming

Procedural nondeclarative memory

how to carry out skilled movement

Classical conditioning nondeclarative memory

stimulus-response associations

Priming nondeclarative memory

exposure to a stimulus changes response to subsequent stimulus

Cuing

provides context for retrieval and encoding specificity

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

shows gradual retrieval process

Accuracy of retrieval

reconstructive, susceptible to distortion

Memory and emotion

strongly linked, adaptive, role of amygdala and hippocampus

Mood congruence effect

retrieve information easily when its the same content as current emotional state

Flashbulb memory

long-lasting, vivid, extremely detailed memory of a specific event

Sensitization

getting more sensitive to stimulus over time, more axon terminals

Habituation

getting less sensitive to stimulus over time, less axon terminals

Potentiation

if retraveling neural pathway, connection is more efficient

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

degeneration of basal ganglia, difficultly with procedural memory

Declarative brain structures

hippocampus, occipital lobe, motor cortex

Nondeclarative brain structures

basal ganglia, amygdala

Alzheimer’s disease

low Ach, tau protein tangles, affects formation of new memories

Processes of forgetting

difficulty retrieving information that has not been used in a while

Interference

competition between old and new information in memory

Proactive interference

old information leads to problems remembering new information

Retroactive interference

new information leads to problems remembering old information

Classical conditioning stats

organism is passive, responses are reflexes and elicited, reinforcement is unrelated to learning the association

Operant conditioning stats

organism is active, responses are voluntary and emitted, reinforcement is contingent on desired response

Classical conditioning

neural stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Unconditioned stimulus

something that reliably produces a naturally-occurring reaction

Conditioned stimulus

initially neutral stimulus that produces no reliable response, paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Acquisition

phase when conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired together

Extinction

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when unconditioned stimulus is no longer present

Spontaneous recovery

tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

First-order conditioning

neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus until it triggers a conditioned response

Second-order conditioning

new neutral stimulus is paired with the existing conditioned stimulus, original US is left out of these trials

Conditioned emotional response

emotionally charged conditioned response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus

Flooding

overwhelm someone with fear-inducing stimulus, learns fear is unwarranted

Counterconditioning

pairs trigger with desirable stimulus, begin with short sessions and gradually increase stimulus

Operant conditioning

consequences of behavior determine probability that behavior will occur again

Positive reinforcement

applies stimulus to increase probability of behavior

Negative reinforcement

removes stimulus to increase probability of behavior

Positive punishment

applies stimulus to decrease probability of behavior

Negative punishment

removes stimulus to decrease probability of behavior

Primary reinforcer

basic survival needs, do not need to learn

Conditioned reinforcers

must learn through classical conditioning then can use for operant conditioning, money

Shaping

rewarding small progressive steps, gradually leading toward final goal

Premack principle

preferred behaviors can be used as reinforcements for less preferred behaviors

Continuous reinforcement

reward after every behavior, use for establishment of behavior

Intermittent behavior

rewards are variable, use for maintenance of behavior