Tibia, Fibula, Stifle Joint and Proximal Hindlimb Muscles

What type of bones are the tibia and fibula

LONG bones

List the structures at the distal end of the tibia and fibula and list their function

Are these structures palpable?

• Medial malleolus:

  • Attachment of medial collateral ligament of hock​

• Lateral malleolus:

  • Attachment of lateral collateral ligament of hock​

• Both palpable

List both cs, r, arrow and * in the image. List what bone this is and what anatomical location of the bone these structures are located at.

• Tibial plateau / plate​

• Medial condyle (c) ​

• Lateral condyle (c)​

• Smooth bone surface​

• Articulate with medial & lateral condyles of femur ​

• ​

• Intercondylar ridge (r)​

• Non-articular rough bone surface​

• ligament attachment​

• ​

• Tibial crest​

• Tibial tuberosity​

• insertion of patellar ligament​

• Palpable ​

List the 4 centers of ossification of the Tibia

• Proximal end (epiphysis) ​

• Tibial tuberosity​

• Body (diaphysis) ​

• Distal end (epiphysis)​

List the 4 components that comprise the Stifle Joint

• Femorotibial joint​

• Femoropatellar joint​

• Proximal tibiofibular (where fibula present)​

• Femur + paired sesamoids (carnivores)​

List the articular surfaces of the femorotibial

Articular surfaces :​

• Lateral & medial femoral condyles​

• Lateral & medial tibial condyles​

List the structures that provide the stifle joint with stability

• Medial & lateral collateral ligaments​

• Cranial & Caudal Cruciate ligaments

What clinical test can you use to test for a cranial cruciate rupture?

Cranial draw test

• tibia moves cranial relative to femur

List the components of the femoropatellar

• Components

  • Trochlear groove (femur)

  • Patella

• Stability

  • Medial and lateral trochlear ridges ​

  • Lateral & medial (collateral) femoro-patellar ligaments​

  • Fascia / retinaculum​

What happens when the patella is pulled proximally vs distally?

• Patella pulled proximally​

  • Produces stifle extension​

• Patella pulled distally ​

  • Allows stifle flexion​

List the sesamoid bones of the stifle and how many of each there are

• Patella (1)

• Fabellae (2)

• Popliteal sesamoid (1)

List the 3 compartments the stifle joint forms.

Describe the communication of these compartments in the canine vs. equine

• Compartments

  • Femoro-patellar​

  • Lateral femoro-tibial​

  • Medial femoro-tibial​

• Communication

  • Dog – good ​

  • Horse – poor / none​

Describe how the patellar locking mechanism works

1. Patella pulled proximally as stifle extended​

2. Patella rotated medially​

3. Engages horizontal / resting surface​

4. Tubercle of medial trochlear ridge now sits between middle & medial patellar ligaments​

5. Locks joint in extension​

Describe what is happening to the patella when unlocking

What is the clinical significance of the patellar locking mechanism

• Patella pulled proximally then back to midline to unlock

• Clinical significance: ​

  • Upward fixation / ‘locked’ patella​

List the nerve supply to the hind limb

• Spinal nerves ​

  • L5, L6, L7, S1, S2.​

• Dorsal branches - dorsal structures​

• Ventral branches - lumbosacral plexus​

List the emerging peripheral nerves to the hindlimb

• Gluteal​

• Obturator​

• Femoral​

• Sciatic – tibial​

  • fibular / peroneal​

Dorsal Thigh Muscles

• Gluteal Muscles

Describe the gluteal muscles (how many parts, origin, insertion, function, and nerve supply)

• 3 parts​

• Origin

  • sacrum & pelvis​

• Insertion

  • greater trochanter of femur​

    • acts as lever​

• Function

  • Hindlimb abductors - dog​

  • Hindlimb retractor / hip extensors – horse

• Nerve Supply

  • Gluteal nerve​

Medial / Ventral Thigh Muscle

• Gape Muscles

  • 
    

List the GAPE muscles and the insertion of G and P

• Gracilis (+)​

  • I = tibia​

  • I = calcaneus (tarsus)​

    • (via common calcanean tendon)​

• Adductor (*)​

• Pectineus (#)​

  • Both I = femur​

• Function

  • adductors

• Nerve Supply

  • obturator nerve

List the cranial thigh muscles

• Quadriceps muscle

• Sartorius muscle

• Iliopsoas muscle

Describe the quadriceps muscle (4 heads, origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• 4 Heads and Origin

  • Rectus femoris: O-ilium​

  • Vastus lateralis: O – lateral femur​

  • Vastus medialis: O – medial femur​

  • Vastus intermedius: O - cranial femur​

• Insertion

  • Tibial Tuberosity

• Function

  • stifle extensor​

  • (Hip flexor / limb protractor)​

• Nerve Supply

  • femoral nerve

Describe the Sartorius muscle (origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• O - ilium​

• I - femur ​

• I – tibial tuberosity ​

  • (via patellar ligament)​

• Function:​

  • Stifle extensor​

  • Hip flexor / limb protractor​

• Nerve Supply

  • femoral nerve

Describe the Iliopsoas muscle (origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• O - lumbar vertebrae & ilium​

• I – medial proximal femur​

• Function: ​

  • Hip flexor / limb protractor​

• Nerve supply

  • femoral nerve

List the caudal thigh muscles (3) and their nerve supply

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus​

• Semimembranosus​

• Nerve Supply

  • Sciatic Nerve

Describe the Biceps Femoris muscle (origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• O – tuber ishium​

• I - fascia latae ​

• I – calcaneus (tarsus)​

(via common calcanean tendon)​

• Functions: ​

  • Hip extensor / hindlimb retractor​

  • Stifle flexor ​

  • Hock extensor​

• Nerve supply ​

  • Sciatic nerve​

Describe the Semitendinosus muscle (origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• O – Tuber Ischium​

• I - Tibia ​

• I – calcaneus (tarsus)​

• (via common calcanean tendon)​

• Function: ​

  • Hip extensor / hindlimb retractor​

  • Stifle flexor​

  • (Hock extensor)​

• Nerve Supply

  • sciatic nerve

Describe the Semimembranosus muscle (origin, insertion, function and nerve supply)

• O – Tuber ischium​

• I - femur & tibia​

• Function: ​

  • Hip extensor / hindlimb retractor​

  • Stifle flexor​

• Nerve Supply

  • sciatic nerve

Following transection of the patellar ligament, which major function of the stifle joint is most likely affected?

A. Abduction of the stifle joint

B. Adduction of the stifle joint

C. Extension of the stifle joint

D. Flexion of the stifle joint

Extension of the stifle joint

In dogs, the patella is embedded into the tendon of which muscle?

A. Biceps femoris

B. Gastrocnemius

C. Popliteal

D. Quadriceps femoris

Quadriceps femoris

Which head of the quadriceps femoris is a flexor of the hip joint and extensor of the stifle joint

A. Rectus femoris

B. Vastus intermedius

C.

D.

Rectus femoris