Child & Adolescent Psychology - Chapter 10: Early Childhood, Social and Emotional Development

PSYC 3370

attachment

affectional bond between individuals, typically child and caregiver, characterized by seeking closeness and distressing when separated

secure attachment

mild distress at separation, easy soothing at reunion, seeking closeness

avoidant attachment

non-secure attachment

indifference at separation and reunion

ambivalent/resistant/anxious attachment

non-secure attachment

severe distress at separation and reunion

disorganized/disoriented attachment

non-secure attachment

contradictory and dazed behaviors towards attachment figure

separation anxiety

fear of being separated from a primary caregiver

restrictive-permissive

• are rules imposed?

• are children monitored/supervised closely?

warmth-coldness

• warm

  • showing affection

  • smiling at child

  • caring and supportive of child

  • behave in ways that indicate enjoyment of their child

• cold

  • complain about child’s behaviors

  • do not enjoy being with child

permissive parenting

low demands for mature behavior, attempts to control the child

can be permissive-indulgent or rejecting-neglecting

• child: least competent, responsible, and mature. most prone to behavior problems

permissive-indulgent

childrearing style where the parents are not controlling and restrictive but are warm and responsive

• permissive + warmth

• child: high in social competence and self-confidence

rejecting-neglecting

childrearing style where the parents aren’t restrictive or controlling, but aren’t supportive, warm, and responsive either

• permissive + coldness

• child: less competent in school, more deviant behavior

authoritarian

childrearing style where parents demand obedience and submission but are not communicative or warm

strict guidelines that the child must accept no matter what, do not communicate or show respect to their children

enforcement methods rely on coercion (power assertive methods, withdrawal of love)

• restrictive + coldness

• child

  • do not trust caregivers

  • less competent socially and academically

  • feel conflicted, anxious, and irritable

  • less friendly and spontaneous in social interactions

  • adolescence → conformity and obedience or aggression

  • sons → hostile and defiant

  • daughters → dependent and submissive

power assertive methods

physical punishment and denial of privileges

withdrawal of love

isolate or ignore misbehaving children

authoritative

childrearing style where parents have clear boundaries but are also communicative and warm

they are consistent with their control, display and demonstrate pride in their child, and are less likely to use physical discipline but rather inductive techniques

inductive techniques

characteristic of disciplinary methods that try to reach a understanding of the principles behind parental demands

regression

a return to behaviors characteristic of earlier stages of development

sibling rivalry

jealousy or rivalry among siblings

peers

children of the same age

dramatic play

children enact social roles through symbolic thought and pretend play

functional play

first kind of play through repetitive motor activity

constructive play

use objects/materials to make/draw something

formal games

complex forms of games, has rules and involves more complex motor skills

nonsocial play

solitary/onlooker play where play is not influenced by the play of nearby children

social play

where children interact with others and are influenced by their play

ex: parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play

prosocial behavior/altruism

behavior that benefits another without expectation of reward

empathy

ability to share another’s feelings through taking their perspective

disinhibit

to stimulate a response that has been suppressed/inhibited by showing a model engaging in that response without consequences

categorical self

definitions of the self that refer to concrete external traits

gender identity

one’s sense of being

• girl women, or female

• a boy, a man, or male

• a blend of male and female

• neither

sex assigned at birth

male, female, or intersex depending on external anatomy

nonbinary

gender identity that does not conform to traditional beliefs about gender, usually identifying as both male and female or neither

transgender (trans)

individuals whose gender identities are different than their assigned sex at birth

gender dysphoria

significant distress experienced when a person’s assigned sex at birth is not the same as the one which they identify with

vaginoplasty

gender-affirming surgery that is used to create a vulva and vagina by removing the penis, testicles, and scrotum while rearranging tissue in the genital area

phalloplasty

gender-affirming surgery that is used to create a scrotum and a penis by removing the vagina, uterus, and ovaries and putting erectile and testicular implants in place

stereotype

a fixed, conventional idea about a group

gender roles

generalized views or preconceptions about the attributes that should be possessed or the actions that should be performed by women or men

identification

psychoanalytic theory

the process of incorporating within ourselves our perceptions of the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of others

oedipus complex

psychoanalytic theory, conflict of the phallic stage

son wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father a love rival

electra complex

counterpart of the oedipus complex, daughter’s sexual desire for the father and rivalry with her mother

socialization

the process of guiding children into socially acceptable behavior patterns by using infomration, rewards, and punishments

gender stability

the concept that people retain their sex for a lifetime

gender constancy

the concept that people’s sex does not change, even if they alter their dress or behavior

gender schema

a cluster of mental representations about masculine and feminine physical qualities, behaviors, and personality traits

do parents who are more restrictive and demand mature behavior end up with rebellious children?

false, though consistent control and boundaries + strong support and affection can have positive results

is there a point to reason with a 4 year old?

yes, the inductive approach helps them understand moral and prosocial behavior

are first-born children more highly motivated to achieve than later-born children?

true, this is likely due to parents placing more pressure on them

are children who are physically punished more likely to be aggressive?

true, they likely serve as models

will children who engage in 2-4 hours of screen time a day see a thousands of acts of violence before beginning elementary school?

true, including murder

do children mechanically imitate the aggressive behavior they view in the media?

false, though exposure to violence does increase the probability of violence by viewers and video game players

is social disapproval the most common fear among preschoolers?

false, they are more likely to have fears about animals, imaginary creatures, the dark, and themes involving personal physical safety

can a 2.5 year old girl know she is a girl but think she can grow up to become a daddy?

true, prior to 4-5, children have not developed a concept of gender stability

investigators of childrearing find it useful to classify parents according to two dimensions: warmth-coldness and what?

restrictiveness-permissiveness

what methods of enforcing boundaries attempt to give children knowledge that will enable them to generate desirable behavior patterns in similar situations?

inductive methods

what kind of parents are warm and restrictive?

authoritative

what kind of parent believe that obedience is a virtue for its own sake?

authoritarian

in what play do children play with toys by themselves?

solitary play

in what play do children interact and share toys?

associative play

do preschool children tend to prefer to play with children of the other or same gender?

same gender

what is another term for prosocial behavior?

altruism

do preschool children tend to admire or reject aggressive peers?

reject

aggressive behavior is linked to what behavior?

testosterone

what kind of theorists explain aggressive behavior in terms of reinforcement and observational learning?

social cognitive, social learning

does observing aggression in the media tend to inhibit or disinhibit aggressive behavior in children?

disinhibit

self-definitions that refer to concrete external traits are called the what self?

categorical

self-what is the value or worth that people attach to themselves

self-esteem

what kind of attachment do children with high self-esteem tend to have?

securely-attached

erikson referred to early childhood as the stage of what versus guilt?

initiative

do boys or girls report more fears and higher levels of anxiety?

girls

our sense of being a male or a man, female or a woman, both or neither, is termed our what?

gender identity

whose gender identity is inconsistent with their assigned sex at birth?

transgender

cultural stereotypes of men and women involve broad expectations for behavior that are called gender what?

roles, role stereotypes

brain imaging suggests the hemispheres of the brain are more specialized in males or females?

males

are mothers or father more likely to communicate norms for gender-typed behaviors to children?

fathers

the emergence of 3 concepts guides gender typing: gender identity, gender stability, and gender what?

gender constancy

gender what theory proposes that children blend their self-concepts with the gender schema of their culture?

gender schema

what parenting style has been shown to develop competence in children?

authoritative

according to the text, the best method for enforcing restrictions would seem to be what?

inductive method

according to piaget, children use objects or material to draw or make things in what play?

constructive play

research into aggression in children finds that what?

parental rejectio increases the likelihood of aggression in children

a child’s number of fears appears to peak at about what ages?

2.5-4

mary cover jones used what to eliminate a fear of rabbits in a 2-year old?

counterconditioning

some transgender people are likely to experience what?

gender dysphoria

after gender-affirmation surgery, what happens to most transgender people?

are happier and more comfortable in their minds and bodies

the masculine gender stereotype is seen as what?

assertive

according to kohlberg, gender what develops last?

gender constancy