Gram positive bacteria

Clostridium

-form endospores, obligate anaerobes

-clostridium tetani→exotoxin locks up muscles

-clostridium per fringes: in dead tissue, gas gangrene

-clostridium botulism→neurotoxin→paralysis (from honey)

Clostridioides difficile

-increase in antibiotics leads to susceptibility

-produces toxin

-obligate anaerobes

-spores make hand sanitizer ineffective

-fecal transplants could be an effective solution

Bacillus

-rods w endospores, nonmotile facultative anaerobes

-Bacillus anthracis: zoonosis

-Bacillus thuringiensis: insect pathogen, BT corn

Staphylococcus

-clusters, grow in low moisture and high pressure (skin/nose), facultative

-cause impetigo, abcesses, heat stable enterotoxin→diarrhea/vomiting

-causes osteomyelitis in bones through bloodstream

Lactobacillus

-aerotolerant

-produce lactic acid to inhibit growth of other organisms

-acidophilus and crispatus are in vagina, mouth, and intestines

Streptococcus

-spherical, chains

-responsible for more illness/diseases than any other group

-impetigo, sore throats, otitis media, pneumonia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, UTIs, rheumatic fever, tooth decay, and necrotizing fasciitis

Listeria monocytogenes

-zoonosis, psychrophile, spins, microaerophile/facultative

-pregnant women→stillbirth, miscarriage, sepsis

Mycosplasma

-pleomorphic→no cell wall→beta-lactams don’t work

-smallest self-replicating organisms capable of free living existence

-pneumoniae→walking pneumonia

Mycobacterium

-aerobic bacilli, fungus-like filamentous growth

-cell wall w mycolic acid

-resistant, antimicrobials can’t enter, nutrients enter slowly→long generation time

-tuberculosis, 12-20 hrs, cough up blood, 30-37 C

-leprae, 12-14 days, 25-35 C (cool outer parts of body)