unit 3 video guides

1-36, cellular organelles; 37-49, compartmentalization; 50-58 how to make an elephant explode; 59 - 66 Cell membrane bubble lab; cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis 67-89; 90- 113 cell membranes;

role of nucleus (2)

control center of cell: gene controlled, information

ER

rough has little ribosomes

ribosome functions

produce proteins

smooth ER is responsible for

making lipids and breaking down toxins

golgi complex: newly made proteins are transported here and can go:

different parts of the cell, outside of the cell, or produce lysosomes

lysosomes break

down materials when it’s not used

vacuole is important in

storage

energy organelles

mitochondria and chloroplasts

mitchondria

making ATP

chloroplasts

make plant, [?cells], sugars

what are ribosomes made up of?

proteins and ribosomal RNA (continuous piece of RNA)

where are irbosomes synthesized?

in nucleolus which is found in nucleus

how many subunits make up a ribosome and what are they?

2: small and large

Why does mRNA go through the middle?

translating mRNA to a protein in cytoplasm or ER

what is the endoplasmic reticulum usually attached to?

outside of nucleus/membrane that folds up on itself

rough ER has ribosomes on it so

it can synthesize proteins to go inside

true or false: smooth er is where lipids are synthesized

true

does smooth er have ribosomes?

no

the function of the ER (factory floor) is to be a

lattice so cells can build things

Camillo Golgi

staining cells and using that to figure out parts of cell, discovered Golgi apparatus from staining

Purpose of golgi complex:

takes information made in ER and then ships those to different parts of cell

3 purposes of lysosome:

digests material: if we have infection lysosome will fuse with it and create a phagosome to break it down

dissolve disfunctioning mitochondria

kill cells

what do lysosomes have?

digestive enzymes

why is the lysosome referred to as the suicide sack?

it has enzymes from ER, went through Golgi, and lysosome was madem

mitochondria purpose

generate ATP

why is there folding on the cristae and why is that significant?

buildup protons and make ATP; increase surface area for more ATP

vacuole purposes

storage, structural, support

what is a tonoplast?

outer membrane of vacuole that stores material

what is the central vacuole used for?

regulating water

purpose of chloroplast

photosynthesis

thylakoid

membrane * infinity; light

stroma

liquid; Kelvin cycle

The reason there is increase surface area is for

absorbing more light,

diffusion:

high to low concentration

passive diffusion

small goes through

facilitated diffusion

helps get through

eukaryotes have _____ cells that prokaryotes

larger

Cells are small because?

to increase the surface area

Why is surface area good for a cell?

more nutrients, more chemical reactions

Why are cells not infinitely small?

Can’t put hereditary information in it

prokaryotes include the domain

bacteria and archaea

eukaryotes are in the domain

eukarya

what domain shows compartmentalization?

eukarya

compartmentalization:

parts within parts; bcs of this instead of making themselves really small, they have parts inside them that are small and that allows specialization and increase surface area

what does compartmentalization do for the cell?

increase surface area w/o making it smaller and increases specialization

two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

rough and smooth

structure and function of rough ER

structure: ribosomes

function: synthesizes proteins

structure and function smooth ER

structure: no ribosomes

function: synthesize lipids, breakdown of carbohydrates, breaks down toxins, calcium ion concentration regulation

what is an organelle?

tiny organ in cells that allows for specialization

in different organisms of different sizes, the size of the cell ______

differs

what organelle is responsible for converting food and oxygen into chemical energy?

mitchondrion

when things grow, how does the inside grow relative to the outside?

faster

how does heat leave an object?

surface

how do elephants deal with the heat?

they have huge flat ears with a lot of surface area so heat can escape cells faster

the bigger the animal, the ___ active its cells are

less

as mass increases, the mass specific metabolic rate _________

decreases

what happens to the metabolism of a baby inside the womb?

same metabolic rate; bigger part of whole (mother)

what happens to the metabolism of a baby outside the womb?

internal processes speed up; goes from mother’s organ —> individual

how are phospholipids and soap molecules similar?

tails are inside hiding from water; water loving head

how are phospholipids and soap molecules different?

the heads face the middle because hydrophilic tails are attracted to water in the middle

what property of the cell membrane is illustrated by the movement of the bubble in the frame?

fluid, flexible

What property of cell membranes is illustrated by inserting fingers or pencils into the bubble?

self replicating

What property of cell membranes is illustrated by the bubble in the bubble?

membrane bound organelles

What do gap junctions do?

They transport between animal cells

What is the purpose of protein channels?

Things that can’t fit through phospholipids go through this channel (large things)

What is binary fission?

asexual reproduction of bacterial cells

how many cells in our bodies?

46 pairs of chromosomes

what does 2n mean?

2 complete sets of chromosomes

what is the goal of the cell cycle in mitosis?

to make a copy of that cell; make a diploid cell that enters the cell cycle and makes new cell; w

what is the goal of the cell cycle in meisois?

makes gametes/sex cells; take a diploid cell and make it haploid (make sperm and egg) *egg meets sperm —> combines haploid cells and makes a diploid cell —> enters cell cycle

two parts of cell division

mitosis and cytokinesis

mitosis

division of the nucleus

cytokinesis

division of other parts of cell

interphase has three parts

G1, S, G2g

g1

cell will grow

S

DNA replication - all DNA from cell copiedg

g2

growth 2; gets ready for division of cell

a cell spends most of its time in

interphsaew

whats a g0 phase

if it never divides again, it will stall here

what do you call proteins that have to accumulate in order to trigger mitosis?

cyclins

what is CDK?

a cyclin dependent kinase

significance of yeast having similar CDKs to us?

show homology (similarities) through evolution

CDKs called

mitosis promoting factor

what do cdks do?

break apart nucleus, work on the microtubules that build the spindle

how many cells after mitosis?

2

how many cells after meiosis

4

what are the three reasons why you would do mitosis?

growth, repair, asexual reproduction

what is meiosis getting ready for?

reproduction and sex cells

what happens during crossing over?

parts of one chromosome will swap places with other chromosome

what is selective permeability?

the property of the cell (plasma) membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others while blocking or restricting the passage of others

how does the cell achieve selective permeability?

it has proteins and the phospholipid bilayer

what are the major molecules in the cell membrane?

glycoproteins, glycolipids, cholestrol, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, phospholipids

define amphipathic

having water loving and water hating properties

how does being amphipathic affect transport across the cell membrane?

creates the phospholipid bilayer and selective permeability of the cell membrane

what role do proteins play in transport

they transport large and charged molecules

what kind of cells have cell walls?

plants, fungi, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and some protists

describe the fluid cell membrane

it is always in motion

what are the two roles of cholestrol in the membrane?

keeping molecules together when it gets too hot, keeping molecules apart when it gets too cold

glycoproteins are made up of

strings of sugar on the outside and proteins

important type of glycoproteins

antibody - important in immune response