Bio Test - 2

How many Kingdoms is Domain Eukarya divided into?

4

Why is the Kingdom Protista invalid?

because some protistans are more closely related to plants and animals than other protistans, but it is used for convenience

How can you recognize Kingdom Protista?

they are eukaryotes that are single-celled, colonial, or simple multicellular organisms

What is the habitat of single-celled protistans?

mostly aquatic (ocean OR freshwater)

parasite

have a negative impact on the host, feeds off of host, and are generally much smaller than host

endoparasite

parasite living inside host, fair number of protistans are this

Why can't single-celled protistans live in both fresh AND ocean water?

because the habitats are too different

How do protistans get their energy?

they either photosynthesize or are chemoheterotrophs

What are the 2 ways protistans are chemoheterotrophs?

they engulf food using a mouth-like structure or absorb small molecules across their cell membranes

How to protistans move?

some live attached to something and can't move, some float freely with no control, some swim using flagella or cilia, other use amoeboid locomotion

amoeboid locomotion

"body" is semi-fluid and can float in any direction

What are Protistan's shells made of?

protein, silicon (sand), and calcium carbonate

What forms limestone?

What is the economic value of limestone?

gravel roads, building blocks of concrete, fed to livestock as calcium source

What is the most common form of reproduction?

asexual reproduction similar to binary fission where 1 cell pinches into 2

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

produces huge genetic variation in offspring so that when environment changes, some offspring will have traits to survive

Different mechanisms of sexual reproduction.

cells fill with sperm/eggs and burst, 2 cells fuse to each other and then undergo meiosis to produce 4 new cells

What impact do single-celled Protistans have on the food chain?

they form the base of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems together with photosynthesizing bacteria

How do single-celled protistans affect animals?

they photosynthesize and share sugars with the animal, many animals can only survive if photosynthesizing protistans are present

Where specifically do photosynthesizing protistans live?

skin of corals, jellyfish, anemones, and sponges

What diseases do single-celled protistans cause?

malaria and African Sleeping Sickness

How many species of Kingdom Plantae are there?

400,000 species but about 500,000 total exist

monophyletic group

all arose from the same common ancestor

Who is Kingdom Protista closely related to?

green algae

How can you recognize Kingdom Plantae?

multicellular eukaryotes, photosynthesize, all have cuticles to reduce water loss, all store extra sugars made during photosynthesis in form of starch

cuticle

a layer of wax around stems and leaves to reduce water loss

alteration of generations

a species alternates between 2 separate plants during its life cycle

Which 2 plants are alternated in alteration of generations

1 plants is haploid - 1 copy of each chromosome per cell (gametophyte) and the other is diploid - 2 copies of each chromosome per cell (sporophyte)

Sporophyte and Gametophyte in Kingdom Plantae.

sporophyte and gametophyte are attached and is more visible than the other

How many Phylum are in Kingdom Protista?

12

How many phylum make up Non-Vascular Plants?

3

What makes non-vascular plants non-vascular?

they all lack a vascular system for moving materials through the plant, so they use diffusion instead

diffusion

movement of materials from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Why do non-vascular plants have to be small?

because diffusion is slow, so they are all max 3 in tall

Where do most non-vascular plants grow?

as dense mats on rocks, logs, soil, etc.

epiphytes

plant that grows on another plant

How many species of Kingdom Plantae live in Antarctica?

100 species of mosses and 25 liverworts in Antarctica

What is the lifecycle of a moss?

- gametophyte produces archegonium and antheridia which produce sperm and eggs

- sperm swims from one gametophyte to another following the rain following chemical signals

- egg grows up and out of the archegonium and form the sporophyte

- sporophyte relies on gametophyte for water and sugars

spores

1 moss cell with a thick wall and very little stored energy

What environments do mosses live in and why?

wetter environments because reproduction relies on wet conditions

Phylum Hepatophyta

liverworts, 9,000 species, uncommon in midwest

Phylum Bryophyta

mosses, 15,000 species, common in Midwest

Impacts of Non-Vascular plants in the past.

1st plants on earth and formed first soils

Impacts of nonvascular plants in present time.

help form soil in places with no soil like after a volcanic eruption or intense fires

Which ecosystem is dominated by mosses?

tundra

How do Bacteria and Archaeans reproduce?

asexually (only 1 ind. involved and no DNA exchange)

Most common mechanism of reproduction in Bacteria and Archaeans?

binary fission, DNA is copied so 2 chromosomes present then the cell elongates and pinches into 2 cells (fast process, happening 10-20 times a day)

What are the advantages to asexual reproduction?

speed, can quickly produce lots of cells

How many chromosomes to Bacteria and Archaeans have?

1

How do Bacteria and Archaeans move?

live attached to something, float w/ no control in water, or use flagella to swim

How do Bacteria and Archaeans share DNA with each other?

small pieces are exchanged, but not entire chromosome, giving each bacterium new genes to potentially solve problems

lateral gene transfer

exchange of DNA between members of a different species, even distantly related (ex. bacteria have shared genes that make them immune to antibiotics from different species)

cysts

bacteria survive harsh conditions by creating an extra thick cell wall and becoming inactive

How do cysts move?

blow in the wind allowing them to move across landscape

How do cysts affect humans?

they can become infected by encountering a bacterial cyst

How can cysts behave in certain species?

they can sit for decades and then become active again

aerobic

oxygen is present

anaerobic

oxygen is not presetn

What are 3 ways levels that species of Prokaryotes need oxygen?

obligate aerobic, obligate anaerobic, facultative aerobic

facultative aerobic

can survive with or without oxygen

How do Prokaryotes store energy?

by building large carbon-based molecules made of fat, starch, and glucose and storing the energy in bonds holding the molecules together

organic

carbon-based chemicals mainly made by organisms

inorganic

chemicals without carbon base

What are the 2 ways of acquiring energy?

autotrophic, heterotrophic

autotrophic

"self-feeder", don't rely on other organisms for energy or carbon, rather they use non-biological sources like CO2 in atmosphere or dissolved in water

heterotrophic

"other feeder", use energy and carbon from other organisms as source of carbon and energy

What categories of nutrition do Prokaryotes use?

photoautotrophic, chemoautotrophic, photoheterotrophic, chemoheterotrophic

photoautotrophic

energy comes from light and carbon comes from non-biological sources like CO2 in atmosphere or water; mainly used by plants, prokaryotes, and protistans

chemoautotrophic

energy comes from chemicals from non-biological sources like sulfur in deep oceans or Nitrogen in atmosphere and carbon comes from non-biological source; used by prokaryotes

chemoheterotrophic

energy from chemicals from biological sources and carbon from biological sources; used by all animals, prokaryotes, protistans, fungi, and a few plants

photoheterotrophic

energy comes from sunlight and carbon comes from biological sources; only used by bacteria

What diseases can Bacteria cause?

very small number cause diseases but some are very serious like the Bubonic Plague, cholera, typhus, and tuberculosis; other bacteria affect crops

antibiotics

medicines that kill bacteria or fungi, most created by bacteria/fungi themselves to kill competitors

microbiome

bacteria (+ some protistans and fungi) that live in and on other organisms including humans; alterations to our microbiomes are causing health problems

What benefits to microbiomes have on their "host"?

helps digest particular foods, helps w immune system, produces vitamins and other useful chemicals

example of the benefit of microbiomes on host

cellulose is the main component of cell walls in plants and is a great source of energy, but animals cannot digest it. Bacteria can and because animals have bacteria in their digestive systems, they can therefore digest plants.

nutrient cycling

movement of important nutrients back and forth between living and nonliving environment

nitrogen fixation

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants

Explain the Nitrogen Cycle.

All organisms need nitrogen to build protein and DNA an even though nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere, the majority of organisms can't use atmospheric nitrogen, so chemoautotrophic bacteria living in soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form useable by plants and store it in the roots of legumes. Therefore all animals and organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

Explain the Carbon Cycle.

dead plants and animal matter have a lot of nutrients including carbon so as bacteria break down dead stuff, they make the nutrient available for new growth by decomposing the plant/animal

Why are Bacteria important in the Food Chain?

they form the base of the food chain in aquatic and soil habitats, especially photosynthesizing bacteria in oceans and freshwater

plankton

mix of bacteria, protistans, and small animals floating in the water

Economic importance of Prokaryotes?

they produce medicines (increasing importance bc we can insert genes into bacteria so they produce stuff for us), agricultural uses, industrial uses, food production, and clean up sewage, oil spills, etc.

When did Bacteria and Archeans form on earth and when did Eukaryotes arise?

Bacteria and Archeans formed 3.7 bya, while Eukaryotes arose 2.7 bya, meaning prokaryotes had the earth to themselves for 1 billion years

How did Eukaryotes Arise?

a group of Archeans became more complex over time through millions of mutations over a long time until they became Eukaryotes

important steps in going from Prokaryote to Eukaryote.

- the cell wall disappears allowing them to gain nutrients faster

- the cell membrane increased flexibility allowing it to fold on itself and increasing surface

- and endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

How were organelles created?

by pinching off bubbles of cell membrane in the cell (dividing cells into mini compartments/organelles with different chemical conditions, which allows many chemical reactions to occur in their ideal conditions)

symbiosis

prolonged and intimate relationship between 2 species

mitochondria

site of converting food energy into useable energy (aerobic cellular respiration)

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis

What was the process of forming mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Primitive eukaryotic cells engulfed a bacterium but didn't digest it, so it remained alive inside the eukaryote and benefitted it; the bacterium then developed the ability to reproduce inside the eukaryote and over time mutations improved cooperation to the point one couldn't live without the other. Chloroplasts had same process but with photosynthesizing bacteria.

What did the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts allow?

it allowed large multicellular organisms to evolve

Evidence of the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

- both have their own DNA with one chromosome that is ring-shaped

- both have own ribosomes that are bacterial in design

- both reproduce on their own in the cell in a bacterial manner

- both have 2 membranes (inner and outer)

inner membrane of mitochondria/chloroplast

bacterial in design

outer membrane of mitochondria/chloroplast

eukaryotic in design

algae

a large, colonial, or multicellular, photosynthesizing species in the Kingdom Protista

multicellular

many cells living together and strongly cooperating if separated, cannot live on their own

How are the "bodies" of algae designed?

- simple or hair-like like spirogyra or complex and plant-like with structures that produce sperm + eggs, airfloats, and root/leave-like structures

How do most algae move?

live attached so something but float freely

How do algae get their energy and carbon?

photoautotrophic