more psych unit 2 studying

Learning

A relatively lasting change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Classical conditioning

Learning an association between stimuli so one predicts another.

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned response (UR)

A natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that triggers a learned response.

Conditioned response (CR)

A learned response triggered by a conditioned stimulus.

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that initially does not produce the target response.

Acquisition

The stage when an association is first learned.

Extinction

A learned response weakens when the CS occurs without the US.

Spontaneous recovery

The return of an extinguished response after a rest period.

Generalization

Responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Discrimination

Learning to respond differently to distinct stimuli.

Stimulus

Anything that can trigger or influence a response.

Response

A behavior or reaction produced by a stimulus.

Association

A learned connection between events or stimuli.

Independent variable (IV)

The variable manipulated or changed by the researcher.

Dependent variable (DV)

The response or outcome measured by the researcher.

Salience

How noticeable or attention-grabbing a stimulus is.

Contingency

How reliably one event predicts another event.

Contiguity

How close together in time two events occur.

Interstimulus interval (ISI)

The time interval between two stimuli.

Delay conditioning

The CS begins before the US and overlaps with it.

Trace conditioning

The CS ends before the US begins, leaving a time gap.

Simultaneous conditioning

The CS and US begin at the same time.

Backward conditioning

The US occurs before the CS.

Basic conditioning

A neutral stimulus is paired with a US until it becomes a CS.

Higher-order conditioning

A new stimulus is paired with an established CS and learns to trigger a response.

Overshadowing

A more salient stimulus reduces learning about a less salient stimulus presented with it.

Blocking

An established CS predicts the US, reducing learning about a new cue added later.

Latent inhibition

Prior exposure to a stimulus without the US slows later conditioning to that stimulus.