Educational Psychology Lecture Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the lecture transcript.

Qualitative Methods

Research based approach, used to collect non-numerical data.

Quantitative Methods

Used to collect and analyze numerical data to test hypotheses and find patterns.

Descriptive Research Design

Provides basic information about variables without making connections between behaviors, events, or conditions.

Correlational Research Design

Moves beyond description by making connections between variables, and can identify relationships between variables.

Correlation Coefficient

A number between $-1.0$ and $1.0$ that indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables.

Positive Correlation

When one variable increases, the other variable increases as well.

Negative Correlation

Relationship between two variables where when one decreases, the other variable also decreases.

Experimental Research Design

Used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables, requiring random assignment to treatment or control condition.

Independent Variable

The variable presumed to have an effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The outcome of the study.

Quasi-experimental Design

Used to infer cause-and-effect relationships between variables without random assignment of individuals to groups.

Cross-sectional Design

Examines samples from various age groups to compare behaviors.

Longitudinal Design

Examines the same sample repeatedly to obtain information about changes over time.

Prejudice

Unfair opinion or feeling about a person or a group that is formed without enough knowledge, thought, or reason.

Discrimination

Unequal treatment of a person or group based on specific personal characteristics or group memberships.

Macrosystem

Includes many of the broader cultural patterns, such as beliefs, customs, knowledge, and morals.

Exosystem

Interaction among two or more environments, one of which does not directly include the individual.

Microsystem

The immediate environment surrounding an individual, which includes the people, relationships, and systems that directly interact with the developing individual, such as family, peers, and school.

Mesosystem

Links two or more microsystems, such as the communication between parents and teachers linking home and school.

Control (Parenting Dimension)

The manner and strictness with which parents provide limits and discipline to their children.

Responsiveness (Parenting Dimension)

Includes affection, acceptance, and caring involved in parenting, representing emotional aspects of parenting.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style related to academic benefits among a variety of ethnic groups.

Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style where limits are set and rules are enforced, yet emotional connectedness is lacking, and parents are inflexible.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style where parents either do not set rules for behaviors or do not enforce established rules, while maintaining a close connection to their children.

Uninvolved Parenting

Parenting that lacks control and responsiveness, where parents are unaware of their child's behavior, friends, difficulties, or achievements.

Exploration (Marcia)

Role experimentation, trying new behaviors, and contemplating morals/values.

Commitment (Marcia)

Making decisions about your life.

Identity Achieved

Identity status where individuals are provided with opportunities to explore many options and commit themselves to certain goals and values; related to authoritative parenting and better performance on math achievement tests.

Moratorium

Identity status where individuals are actively involved in the exploration process and have not yet made decisions or commitments.

Identity Diffusion

Identity status where an individual is not exploring and not committed; associated with permissive parenting styles and poor performance on math tests.

Identity Foreclosure

Identity status where an individual is not given time to explore and accepts commitments laid out by parents; typically associated with authoritarian parents.

Self-concept

A student's structured, multi-dimensional collection of beliefs, knowledge, and perceptions about their own abilities.

Self-esteem

A student's overall evaluation of their own self-worth, value, and perceived capability to succeed.

Social Competence

Social and emotional skills that lead to positive social outcomes.

Social Skills

Ability to reason, pick up on cues, and appropriately make decisions about interpersonal relationships.

Emotional Competence

Ability to express, understand, and regulate emotions within the self and others.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to tolerate and manage emotions.

Social Referencing

A process where infants and children look at the facial expressions, tone of voice, or body language of a trusted adult to figure out how to react in uncertain or new situations.

Moral Behavior

An individual's specific actions.

Moral Reasoning

An individual's rationales for determining right and wrong.

Hostile Attribution Bias

Tendency to interpret another's intention as hostile.

Minimize Blame

Viewing one's behavior as less serious than others see it.

Externalize Blame

Seeing oneself as the victim.

Temporal Lobe

Located on the sides of the brain, responsible for hearing, language, and long term memories.

Parietal Lobe

Located above the temporal lobe, responsible for spatial processing and integration of information from your 5 senses (AKA The Control Center).

Occipital Lobe

Located at the back of the cortex, processes visual information.

Plasticity

Brain's ability to be modified by experience.

Experience-expectant Plasticity

Biologically preprogrammed connections among neurons that the brain expects to receive based on evolution.

Experience-dependent Plasticity

Connections among neurons formed in response to specific experience.

Sensitive Periods

Times when the brain is very flexible and able to be modified by experiences in ways that have long-term effects on brain development.

Constructivism

When you actively engage in your own learning.

Schemas

Actions or mental representations to organize knowledge.

Assimilation

The cognitive process of taking new information and fitting it into an existing mental framework.

Accommodation

The process of changing your existing mental ideas or schemas to fit new information that does not match what you already know.

Object Permanence

Recognition that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

Social Constructivist Approach

Suggests that learners do not passively acquire knowledge through direct instruction, but construct understanding through experiences and social interaction.

Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner can do independently versus what they can do with some guidance.

Scaffolding

Skills that are too difficult for a child to master on their own, but can be done with guidance and encouragement from a knowledgeable person.

Biological Basis Theory for Language Development

Proposes that humans are biologically pre-programmed with an innate capacity to acquire and develop language.

Phonology

Understanding the sequences of sounds that make up words.

Semantics

The meaning of words.

Underextension

Overly strict definition of terms, where you know one thing and don't apply it to all.

Overextension

Definitions that are too broad.

Syntax

The rules we use to combine words into sentences.

Pragmatics

Social conventions of language that allow us to communicate effectively with others.

Metacognitive Regulation

Purposeful act of attempting to control our own cognition, beliefs, emotions, values, using executive control functions.

Critical Thinking

Raises vital questions and problems, gathers and assesses relevant information, comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria, and thinks open mindedly.

Theory of Mind

Thinking about thought.

False Belief

Understanding that another person can hold a mental state or representation about the world that is factually incorrect or differs in reality.

Inductive Reasoning

Using specific information or examples to make generalizations.

Deductive Reasoning

Using generalizations (theory) to determine specific outcomes based on general information.

Chronosystem

Temporal dimension in which life changes can be imposed externally or alternatively, can arise from within the person.