English Language Arts, Grammar, and Pedagogy Review

Flashcards covering grammar, parts of speech, text structures, linguistics, literature genres, and reading instruction strategies.

What is letter recognition?

The identification of each letter in the alphabet, which does not include letter sound correspondences.

How is phonics defined?

The study of sound letter relationships in alphabetic writing systems.

What is the alphabetic principle?

The systematic relationships that exist between letters and sounds.

What is phonemic awareness?

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes.

What is the difference between graphemes and phonemes?

Graphemes are letter(s) that represent a sound, while phonemes are the corresponding sounds.

What is the primary function of a word wall?

It acts as a visual reference to help strengthen a child's literacy development.

What are morphemes?

Words that are broken down into their smallest units of meaning.

What is a common noun?

A word that identifies any of a class of people, places, or things.

What is a proper noun?

A noun used for the specific name of an individual person, place, or organization.

What are examples of first-person, second-person, and third-person pronouns?

First-person: We, I, our, mine. Second-person: you, yours. Third-person: he, she, they, them, it.

What is the purpose of relative pronouns?

To connect a relative (adjective) clause to its antecedent (e.g., whoever, whomever, that, which, who).

What are reciprocal pronouns?

Pronouns that indicate something was done or given in return (e.g., each other, one another).

What is an antecedent?

The noun to which a pronoun refers (written or spoken before the pronoun is used).

What elements must agree in pronoun-antecedent agreement?

Gender, person, and number.

What are particles in grammar?

Minor function words like not, in, out, up, or down that become part of the verb itself (e.g., "I might not go.").

What are the five basic verb forms?

The base form, the -s form, the -ing form, the past form, and the past participle form.

What is the difference between regular and irregular verbs?

Regular verbs are made past tense by adding -ed/d (e.g., love/loved), whereas irregular verbs are made past tense without adding -ed/d (e.g., fall/fell).

How is possession shown for singular nouns, plural nouns ending in S, and plural nouns not ending in S?

Singular nouns: add an apostrophe and an s (dog's). Plural nouns ending in S: add an apostrophe (students'). Plural nouns not ending in S: add an apostrophe and an s (women's).

What are helping (auxiliary) verbs?

Verbs that assist main verbs in expressing tense, ability, possibility, permission, or obligation (e.g., have, do, be, can, may, should, must, and will).

What list of coordinating conjunctions is represented by the acronym FANBOYS?

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

What is a phrase?

A group of words that does not contain both a subject and a verb.

What distinguishes an active voice sentence from a passive voice sentence?

In active voice, the subject performs the action. In passive voice, the object performs the action.

What are the necessary components of a complete sentence?

1. A subject (a noun or noun phrase). 2. An action or state of being (a verb). 3. A complete thought.

What are the four main types of sentence functions?

Declarative (statements), Imperative (commands/requests), Interrogative (questions), and Exclamatory (expressions of strong emotion).

What is parallel structure or parallelism?

Using the same grammatical form within a sentence.

What keywords indicate a cause and effect text structure?

Cause, effect, consequently, as a result, due to, in order to, because of, therefore, so, leads to, if…then.

What is the difference between hyponyms and meronyms?

Hyponyms are more-specific words falling into a general category (e.g., mare, stallion for horse). Meronyms represent a part-to-whole relationship (e.g., tail, hooves for horse).

How are homonyms defined in linguistics?

Words that are spelled the same (homographs) or sound the same (homophones) but mean different things.

What are syntax and pragmatics?

Syntax is the study of phrase and sentence formation. Pragmatics is the study of what words mean in specific situations to understand intentions in human interaction.

What elements characterize fiction literature?

Character, setting, conflict, plot, resolution, point of view, and theme.

How do third-person limited and third-person omniscient points of view differ?

Third-person limited gives the point of view of one or a few characters, whereas third-person omniscient gives the point of view of all characters in the story.

What are five distinct types of folklore?

Fairytales, fables, myths, legends, and tall tales.

What is the difference between direct and indirect characterization?

Direct characterization occurs when the author directly comments on a character's personality. Indirect characterization lets the reader learn about the character naturally through the story.

What are similes, metaphors, and hyperbole?

Simile: comparing two things using "like" or "as". Metaphor: comparing two things as if they are the same. Hyperbole: using extreme exaggeration not meant to be taken literally.

What is orthography?

The representation of the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols.

How is plagiarism prevention taught in Kindergarten - 1st grade vs. 4th - 5th grade?

K-1st focus on "using your own words," "my" vs. "their" ideas, and naming authors. 4th-5th focus on formal citation practices and scaffolded steps (outline, rough draft, final draft, organized notes, in-class writing).

What are the steps of the POWER strategy in writing?

Prewriting or Planning, Organizing, Writing a first draft, Editing the writing, Revising and rewriting.

What four reading strategies are practiced in reciprocal teaching?

Predicting, summarizing, questioning, and clarifying.

What are the components of the 6+1 traits writing model?

Ideas, Organization, Voice, Word choice, Sentence fluency, Conventions, and Presentation.